Skilled perceptual-Memory and the Cross-Race Effect

最近的分析表明，跨种族效应(CRE)，即人们对其他种族的识别和歧视比同种族面孔更差的倾向，可能是由于知觉学习过程。目前的建议试图开发一个更详细的熟练知觉记忆的CRE的描述，广泛地植根于认知技能习得文献。该建议的学术价值旨在促进我们对这一现象的理论理解，并将这一框架的调查结果与多文化社区的实地调查人员和目击者联系起来。鉴于少数族裔在美国监狱系统中的代表性过高，但他们在执法社区中的代表性不足，每一项拟议的研究都将侧重于西班牙裔和黑人个人的参与。位于佛罗里达州迈阿密的佛罗里达国际大学为探索这一现象提供了独特的多元文化环境。因此，该提案的更广泛影响包括改善在这种多文化社区或其他国家工作的实地调查人员对CR面孔的歧视和识别，并减少导致这些少数群体被错误定罪的目击者证据的错误。该提案中的前三项研究旨在解决理论上感兴趣的剩余问题，包括对CRE中早期感知过程的评估。在研究1中，将评估在认知认知领域内探索基于专业知识的“反转效应”的研究的差异，并将提出一个基于熟练的知觉-记忆框架来验证预测的范式。研究二将探讨专家-新手在认知认知领域中表现差异的几个方面，包括(A)知觉识别，(B)短期记忆广度，和(C)在识别绩效上的“加速”。最近关于“改变失明”的研究为探索知觉的注意和元认知效应，包括专家和新手的差异提供了一个范式，研究3将探索在对自己和其他种族面孔的知觉中的这种效应。最后三项研究旨在考察熟练的CRE记忆框架的潜在应用。鉴于最近的国家活动和少数群体在刑事司法系统中的人数过多，迫切需要制定一项培训方案，供在当地多文化社区或其他国家工作的实地调查人员使用。在研究4中，将测试为期两周的干预，其中包括一项新的基于计算机的辨别和记忆任务。研究5将试图扩展先前关于构建和评估自己和其他种族照片阵容的研究，而研究6将引入一种新的范例，用于评估阵容管理程序的影响，并有可能提高CR识别的诊断能力。

Recent analysis has suggested that the cross-race effect (CRE), the tendency for people to have poor identification and discrimination of other-race compared to same-race faces, might be due to perceptual learning processes. The current proposal seeks to develop a more elaborate skilled perceptual-memory account of the CRE that is grounded broadly in the cognitive skill acquisition literature. The intellectual merit of the proposal is aimed towards advancing our theoretical understanding of this phenomenon, and bridging the findings of such a framework to field investigators and eyewitnesses in multicultural communities. Given the over-representation of minorities in the U.S. prison system, yet their under-representation in the law enforcement community, each of the proposed studies will focus upon the participation of Hispanic and Black individuals. Florida International University, located in Miami, Florida, provides a unique multicultural setting for exploring this phenomenon. Thus, the broader impacts of the proposal involve improving the discrimination and identification of CR faces for field investigators working in such multicultural communities or in other countries, and reducing the fallibility of eyewitness evidence leading to the wrongful conviction of these minority populations. The first three studies in the proposal are designed to address remaining issues of theoretical interest, including the assessment of early perceptual processes in the CRE. In Study 1, the variation in research exploring the expertise-based "inversion effect" within the CR domain will be assessed, and a paradigm will be proposed to validate predictions based upon a skilled perceptual-memory framework. Study 2 will explore several aspects of expert-novice performance differences that have received little attention in the CR domain, including (a) perceptual identification, (b) short-term memory span, and (c) "speedup" in recognition performance. Recent research on "change blindness" has provided a paradigm for exploring attentional and metacognitive effects of perception, including expert-novice differences, and Study 3 will explore such effects in the perception of own- and other-race faces. The final three studies are designed to examine the potential application of a skilled memory framework of the CRE. Given recent national events and the over-representation of minorities in the criminal justice system, of critical necessity is the development of a training program that can be administered to field investigators working in local multicultural communities or in other countries. A 2-week intervention will be tested in Study 4 involving a novel computer-based discrimination and memory task. Study 5 will attempt to extend previous research on the construction and assessment of own- and other-race photograph lineups, while Study 6 will introduce a novel paradigm for assessing the influence of lineup administration procedures with the potential for improving the diagnosticity of CR identifications.