Skilled perceptual-Memory and the Cross-Race Effect

最近的分析表明，跨种族效应（cross- racial effect，简称CRE）可能是由于感知学习过程造成的，即与同种族面孔相比，人们对其他种族的识别和歧视倾向较差。目前的建议是在认知技能习得文献的广泛基础上，对CRE进行更详细的熟练感知记忆描述。该建议的智力价值在于，旨在推进我们对这一现象的理论理解，并将这一框架的发现与多元文化社区的实地调查人员和目击者联系起来。考虑到美国监狱系统中少数族裔的比例过高，而他们在执法部门的比例却很低，每一项拟议的研究都将重点关注西班牙裔和黑人个人的参与。位于佛罗里达州迈阿密的佛罗里达国际大学为探索这一现象提供了独特的多元文化环境。因此，该提案的更广泛影响包括改善在这些多元文化社区或其他国家工作的实地调查人员对CR面孔的歧视和识别，并减少目击者证据的不可靠性，从而导致对这些少数民族人口的错误定罪。提案中的前三项研究旨在解决剩余的理论问题，包括评估CRE的早期感知过程。在研究1中，将评估在CR领域中基于专业知识的“反转效应”研究的差异，并提出一个范式来验证基于熟练感知记忆框架的预测。研究2将探讨在CR领域很少受到关注的专家-新手绩效差异的几个方面，包括(a)知觉识别，(b)短期记忆广度，以及(c)识别绩效的“加速”。最近关于“变化盲视”的研究为探索知觉的注意和元认知效应提供了一个范式，包括专家-新手差异，研究3将探讨这种效应在本种族和其他种族面孔知觉中的作用。最后三项研究旨在检验CRE的熟练记忆框架的潜在应用。鉴于最近发生的全国性事件和刑事司法系统中少数民族人数过多的情况，迫切需要制定一项培训计划，以便在当地多元文化社区或其他国家开展实地调查工作。为期两周的干预将在研究4中进行测试，包括一项新的基于计算机的识别和记忆任务。研究5将尝试扩展先前关于本种族和其他种族照片阵容的构建和评估的研究，而研究6将引入一个新的范式来评估阵容管理程序的影响，并有可能提高CR识别的诊断能力。

Recent analysis has suggested that the cross-race effect (CRE), the tendency for people to have poor identification and discrimination of other-race compared to same-race faces, might be due to perceptual learning processes. The current proposal seeks to develop a more elaborate skilled perceptual-memory account of the CRE that is grounded broadly in the cognitive skill acquisition literature. The intellectual merit of the proposal is aimed towards advancing our theoretical understanding of this phenomenon, and bridging the findings of such a framework to field investigators and eyewitnesses in multicultural communities. Given the over-representation of minorities in the U.S. prison system, yet their under-representation in the law enforcement community, each of the proposed studies will focus upon the participation of Hispanic and Black individuals. Florida International University, located in Miami, Florida, provides a unique multicultural setting for exploring this phenomenon. Thus, the broader impacts of the proposal involve improving the discrimination and identification of CR faces for field investigators working in such multicultural communities or in other countries, and reducing the fallibility of eyewitness evidence leading to the wrongful conviction of these minority populations. The first three studies in the proposal are designed to address remaining issues of theoretical interest, including the assessment of early perceptual processes in the CRE. In Study 1, the variation in research exploring the expertise-based "inversion effect" within the CR domain will be assessed, and a paradigm will be proposed to validate predictions based upon a skilled perceptual-memory framework. Study 2 will explore several aspects of expert-novice performance differences that have received little attention in the CR domain, including (a) perceptual identification, (b) short-term memory span, and (c) "speedup" in recognition performance. Recent research on "change blindness" has provided a paradigm for exploring attentional and metacognitive effects of perception, including expert-novice differences, and Study 3 will explore such effects in the perception of own- and other-race faces. The final three studies are designed to examine the potential application of a skilled memory framework of the CRE. Given recent national events and the over-representation of minorities in the criminal justice system, of critical necessity is the development of a training program that can be administered to field investigators working in local multicultural communities or in other countries. A 2-week intervention will be tested in Study 4 involving a novel computer-based discrimination and memory task. Study 5 will attempt to extend previous research on the construction and assessment of own- and other-race photograph lineups, while Study 6 will introduce a novel paradigm for assessing the influence of lineup administration procedures with the potential for improving the diagnosticity of CR identifications.