Writing Globalization's Rulebook: Balancing Health, Wealth, and Intellectual Property in the Era of Free Trade

撰写全球化规则手册：自由贸易时代平衡健康、财富和知识产权

• 批准号: 0617374
• 负责人: Angelina Godoy
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Washington
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2006-09-01 至 2010-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0617374&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Writing; Globalization; Rulebook; Balancing; Health

Writing Globalization's Rulebook: Balancing Health, Wealth, and Intellectual Property in the Era of Free Trade Project Abstract (SES-0617374)This research examines the application of intellectual property (IP) law to medicines and the political struggles this has generated, focusing on the experience of three countries inscribed in the Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA): Guatemala, Costa Rica, and the Dominican Republic. The agreement contains pioneering "TRIPS-plus" provisions that reconfigure the role of the state in patent enforcement; its detractors warn that it will limit access to generic medications, straining public health services in impoverished countries. As a result, debates over CAFTA's IP provisions have pit the human rights movement, which has increasingly embraced economic and social rights such as the right to health, directly against advocates of free trade, in which IP rights have taken on an increasingly central role. The intellectual merits of this project lie in its examination, through the lens of IP, of the broader dynamics of globalization and their implications for rights protection and participatory democracy. Latin American states have long grappled with the challenge of balancing needs for foreign investment with attention to urgent social priorities. Yet trade agreements inscribe specific policy mandates into an emergent body of transnational law, creating a new set of fora in which the relative amounts of attention paid to these needs is decided. Analyses of globalization's impact often fall into two polarized camps -- some commentators tout trade liberalization as the solution to poverty, while others decry it as an instrument for the exploitation of the developing world. Both views tend to assume the text of the agreements determines their outcomes. Yet in fact, trade agreements like CAFTA open possibilities for both positive and negative outcomes; the balance between these is determined by the way specific laws are understood and implemented in different national contexts. Social scientific research can shed light into this process, illuminating possibilities for more positive outcomes.This project examines five ways in which actors on the ground in three CAFTA countries are working to shape the interpretation and implementation of the agreement's IP chapter. Examining the advancement of cases before international human rights courts, the use of Constitutional challenges, the advocacy of contrasting IP policies at the WTO, mass protest, and the transnational lobbying of US elected officials. It draws on in-depth interviews with those involved in social movements around this issue, exploring the forces they draw on, the reasons for their choices, and the implications of these for the construction of an IP policy that responds to concerns about access to medications while adhering to the terms of the agreement. Ultimately, this study seeks to understand the process whereby the IP laws in CAFTA, once written, are shaped and interpreted. What local, national, and transnational forces shape the success of specific tactics? To what extent are diverse tactics mutually reinforcing? What forces drive the gains achieved thus far, and what are the implications of these for the future?This research has broad public significance. It contributes broadly relevant insights about IP law, a field that has developed largely beyond the scrutiny of social scientific inquiry into its broader implications. While acrimonious debates about trade policy are easy to find, more nuanced discussions about the implications of these aspects of trade liberalization for democracy, sovereignty, and human rights are lacking. This project will help train students in the kind of cross-border, comparative research increasingly necessary to understand our world. Its findings will be disseminated widely in academic circles and beyond, and will be relevant to diverse publics who share a stake in the future of health, wealth, and trade in our hemisphere.

撰写全球化规则手册：在自由贸易时代平衡健康、财富和知识产权项目摘要（SES-0617374）本研究考察了知识产权（IP）法在药品中的应用及其引发的政治斗争，重点关注了中美洲自由贸易协定（CAFTA）中三个国家的经验：危地马拉、哥斯达黎加和多米尼加共和国。该协议包含了开创性的“TRIPS-plus”条款，重新配置了国家在专利执法中的角色;其批评者警告说，它将限制获得仿制药，使贫困国家的公共卫生服务紧张。因此，关于CAFTA知识产权条款的辩论使人权运动与自由贸易的倡导者直接对立，前者越来越多地接受健康权等经济和社会权利，后者则在知识产权中发挥着越来越重要的作用。 这个项目的知识价值在于它通过知识产权的透镜审查全球化的更广泛的动态及其对权利保护和参与性民主的影响。长期以来，拉丁美洲国家一直在努力应对平衡外国投资需求与关注紧迫社会优先事项的挑战。然而，贸易协定将具体的政策任务写入了一个新兴的跨国法律体系，创造了一系列新的论坛，在这些论坛上决定了对这些需求的相对关注程度。对全球化影响的分析往往分为两个两极化的阵营-一些评论家吹捧贸易自由化是解决贫困的办法，而另一些人则谴责贸易自由化是剥削发展中世界的工具。这两种观点都倾向于认为协定的文本决定其结果。但事实上，像《中美洲自由贸易协定》这样的贸易协定带来了积极和消极结果的可能性;这些结果之间的平衡取决于在不同国家背景下理解和执行具体法律的方式。社会科学研究可以为这一进程提供线索，从而为取得更积极成果提供可能性。本项目考察了三个CAFTA国家的实地参与者在影响协定知识产权章节的解释和实施方面所采取的五种方式。审查国际人权法院案件的进展情况、宪法挑战的使用、在世贸组织倡导对比知识产权政策、大规模抗议以及美国民选官员的跨国游说。它借鉴了对参与围绕这一问题的社会运动的人的深入访谈，探讨了他们所利用的力量，他们选择的原因，以及这些对知识产权政策建设的影响，这些政策在遵守协议条款的同时回应了对药物获取的担忧。最后，本研究旨在了解的过程中，知识产权法在CAFTA，一旦书面，形成和解释。是什么样的地方、国家和跨国力量塑造了特定战术的成功？不同的战术在多大程度上是相辅相成的？是什么力量推动了迄今取得的成果，这些成果对未来有什么影响？这项研究具有广泛的公众意义。它提供了有关知识产权法的广泛相关见解，这一领域的发展在很大程度上超出了社会科学调查的审查，其更广泛的影响。虽然关于贸易政策的激烈辩论很容易找到，但关于贸易自由化的这些方面对民主、主权和人权的影响的更微妙的讨论却缺乏。该项目将有助于培养学生进行跨国界的比较研究，以了解我们的世界。其研究结果将在学术界和其他领域广泛传播，并将与我们半球健康，财富和贸易未来的利益相关的各种公众有关。