Economic Integration and Cultural Survival at Neolithic Çatalhöyük, Turkey

土耳其新石器时代阿塔霍于克的经济一体化和文化生存

• 批准号: 0647131
• 负责人: Katheryn Twiss
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: SUNY at Stony Brook
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2007-03-01 至 2013-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0647131&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Economic; Integration; Cultural; Survival; Neolithic

With National Science Foundation support, Drs. Katheryn Twiss and Amy Bogaard and an international team of colleagues will spend three years investigating the integration of small-scale crop and livestock husbandry and its effects on cultural stability in an early agricultural society. The team brings together U.S., British and Turkish archaeologists specializing in faunal, botanical, and isotopic analyses to study the social and economic uses of plant and animal domesticates at the large and long-lived Neolithic site of Catalhoyuk, central Anatolia. These domesticates sustained occupation of the site through a turbulent period (the seventh millennium BC), when major settlements across southwest Asia suffered collapse. The project will test two hypotheses: 1. close household-level integration of small-scale crop and livestock husbandry was fundamental to Catalhoyuk's continued success; 2. strong social pressures against household differentiation prevented site fissioning. The southwestern Asian Neolithic (c. 9,700/9,000-5,850/5,500 BC) marked a major turning point in human evolution and set the stage for the development of far more complex urbanized and state societies. The Neolithic is characterized by the world's earliest plant and animal agriculture as well as by the regional advent of large permanent villages, substantial architecture, marked increases in population density, and technological advances such as the introduction of pottery. These material innovations are associated with such profoundly significant cultural developments as social and economic stratification, occupational specialization, and the domestic mode of production. However, the Neolithic combination of crop and livestock husbandry has been associated not only with these positive developments but also with environmental degradation leading to cultural instability, as reflected in episodes of regional 'collapse'. The rich plant and animal assemblages from Catalhoyuk provide a rare opportunity to investigate the relationship between agricultural strategy and site stability from a different angle, focusing on the socioeconomic causes of success rather than failure. The goal is to develop a general understanding of the relationship between the site's mode of production and its long-term viability.The intellectual merit of the research is theoretical, methodological, and substantive. The project will interdigitate faunal and botanical evidence as a combined research strategy to address the degree of integration in the Neolithic farming 'package'. While it is widely acknowledged that the success and spread of early farming in the Near East coincided with the dual establishment of cultivation and herding, site-specific studies based on primary scientific evidence are urgently needed to clarify the role of closely intertwined crop and livestock management practices for the spread of the agricultural 'package' both within and beyond southwest Asia. The broader impacts of the study are that it will contribute significant information about the socioeconomic factors underlying economic and cultural robusticity in small-scale farming societies. The information gathered will be relevant not only to Asian and European prehistory but to present-day crises in food production related to large-scale land ownership, overspecialization, and a lack of economic integration at the household level. Turkish, British and U.S. students will participate in the project to enhance their training and increase their knowledge of Near Eastern prehistory.

在国家科学基金会的支持下，博士。 Katheryn Twiss和Amy Bogaard以及国际同事团队将花费三年的时间来调查小规模的农作物和牲畜饲养及其对早期农业社会文化稳定的影响。该小组汇集了美国，英国和土耳其考古学家专门研究动物，植物和同位素分析，以研究Anatolia中部Catalhoyuk的大型新石器时代的新石器时代的植物和动物驯养的社会和经济用途。这些家属在动荡的时期（公元前第七千年）维持了该地点的占领，当时西南亚的主要定居点崩溃了。该项目将检验两个假设：1。小规模农作物和牲畜饲养的亲密家庭整合是Catalhoyuk持续成功的基础。 2。反对家庭差异的强大社会压力阻止了现场裂变。西南亚洲新石器时代（约9,700/9,000-5,850/5,500公元前）标志着人类进化中的一个主要转折点，并为发展更为复杂的城市化和国家社会的发展奠定了基础。新石器时代的特征是世界上最早的动植物农业以及大型永久村庄的区域出现，实质性建筑，标志着人口密度的增长以​​及技术进步，例如引入陶器。这些物质创新与社会和经济分层，职业专业化和国内生产方式等深刻的文化发展有关。然而，农作物和牲畜饲养的新石器时代的结合不仅与这些积极的发展有关，而且与环境下降有关导致文化不稳定的结合，这在区域“崩溃”的情节中反映了。 CatalHoyuk的富动植物组合提供了一个难得的机会，可以从不同角度研究农业策略和现场稳定之间的关系，重点是成功而不是失败的社会经济原因。目的是对站点的生产方式与其长期生存能力之间的关系有一般的了解。研究的智力优点是理论，方法论和实质性的。该项目将互换动物和植物学证据，以此作为一种合并的研究策略，以解决新石器时代农业“包装”中的整合程度。尽管人们普遍认为，早期农业在近东的成功和传播与耕种和放牧的双重建立相吻合，但急需基于主要科学证据的特定地点的研究，以阐明紧密相互交织的作物和牲畜管理实践的作用，以使农业“套餐”内部的散布在西南韦斯蒂亚之外。该研究的更广泛的影响是，它将为小型农业社会的经济和文化鲁棒性提供有关社会经济因素的重要信息。收集的信息不仅与亚洲和欧洲的史前史有关，还与与大规模土地所有权，过度专业化以及家庭一级缺乏经济融合有关的粮食生产危机有关。土耳其，英国和美国的学生将参加该项目，以增强他们的培训并提高他们对近东史前史的了解。