Economic Integration and Cultural Survival at Neolithic Çatalhöyük, Turkey

土耳其新石器时代阿塔霍于克的经济一体化和文化生存

• 批准号: 0647131
• 负责人: Katheryn Twiss
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: SUNY at Stony Brook
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2007-03-01 至 2013-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0647131&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Economic; Integration; Cultural; Survival; Neolithic

With National Science Foundation support, Drs. Katheryn Twiss and Amy Bogaard and an international team of colleagues will spend three years investigating the integration of small-scale crop and livestock husbandry and its effects on cultural stability in an early agricultural society. The team brings together U.S., British and Turkish archaeologists specializing in faunal, botanical, and isotopic analyses to study the social and economic uses of plant and animal domesticates at the large and long-lived Neolithic site of Catalhoyuk, central Anatolia. These domesticates sustained occupation of the site through a turbulent period (the seventh millennium BC), when major settlements across southwest Asia suffered collapse. The project will test two hypotheses: 1. close household-level integration of small-scale crop and livestock husbandry was fundamental to Catalhoyuk's continued success; 2. strong social pressures against household differentiation prevented site fissioning. The southwestern Asian Neolithic (c. 9,700/9,000-5,850/5,500 BC) marked a major turning point in human evolution and set the stage for the development of far more complex urbanized and state societies. The Neolithic is characterized by the world's earliest plant and animal agriculture as well as by the regional advent of large permanent villages, substantial architecture, marked increases in population density, and technological advances such as the introduction of pottery. These material innovations are associated with such profoundly significant cultural developments as social and economic stratification, occupational specialization, and the domestic mode of production. However, the Neolithic combination of crop and livestock husbandry has been associated not only with these positive developments but also with environmental degradation leading to cultural instability, as reflected in episodes of regional 'collapse'. The rich plant and animal assemblages from Catalhoyuk provide a rare opportunity to investigate the relationship between agricultural strategy and site stability from a different angle, focusing on the socioeconomic causes of success rather than failure. The goal is to develop a general understanding of the relationship between the site's mode of production and its long-term viability.The intellectual merit of the research is theoretical, methodological, and substantive. The project will interdigitate faunal and botanical evidence as a combined research strategy to address the degree of integration in the Neolithic farming 'package'. While it is widely acknowledged that the success and spread of early farming in the Near East coincided with the dual establishment of cultivation and herding, site-specific studies based on primary scientific evidence are urgently needed to clarify the role of closely intertwined crop and livestock management practices for the spread of the agricultural 'package' both within and beyond southwest Asia. The broader impacts of the study are that it will contribute significant information about the socioeconomic factors underlying economic and cultural robusticity in small-scale farming societies. The information gathered will be relevant not only to Asian and European prehistory but to present-day crises in food production related to large-scale land ownership, overspecialization, and a lack of economic integration at the household level. Turkish, British and U.S. students will participate in the project to enhance their training and increase their knowledge of Near Eastern prehistory.

在国家科学基金会的支持下，博士。凯瑟琳·特威斯 (Katheryn Twiss) 和艾米·博加德 (Amy Bogaard) 以及一个国际同事团队将花费三年时间研究小规模作物和畜牧业的整合及其对早期农业社会文化稳定性的影响。该团队汇集了美国、英国和土耳其专门从事动物、植物和同位素分析的考古学家，研究安纳托利亚中部卡塔霍尤克大型且长寿的新石器时代遗址中动植物驯化的社会和经济用途。这些驯化动物在整个动荡时期（公元前七千年）持续占领着该地点，当时西南亚的主要定居点遭受了崩溃。该项目将检验两个假设： 1. 小规模作物和畜牧业在家庭层面的紧密结合是 Catalhoyuk 持续成功的基础； 2. 反对家庭分化的强大社会压力阻止了地点裂变。亚洲西南部的新石器时代（约公元前 9,700/9,000-5,850/5,500 年）标志着人类进化的一个重大转折点，并为更加复杂的城市化和国家社会的发展奠定了基础。新石器时代的特点是世界上最早的植物和动物农业，以及大型永久村庄的出现、大量的建筑、人口密度的显着增加以及陶器的引入等技术进步。这些物质创新与社会和经济分层、职业专业化和家庭生产方式等具有深刻意义的文化发展相关。然而，新石器时代农作物和畜牧业的结合不仅与这些积极的发展有关，而且还与导致文化不稳定的环境退化有关，正如区域“崩溃”事件所反映的那样。加泰罗尤克丰富的动植物群落提供了一个难得的机会，可以从不同的角度研究农业策略与场地稳定性之间的关系，重点关注成功而不是失败的社会经济原因。目标是对遗址的生产方式与其长期生存能力之间的关系有一个总体的了解。这项研究的智力价值在于理论、方法和实质性。该项目将把动物学和植物学证据结合起来，作为一项综合研究策略，以解决新石器时代农业“一揽子”的整合程度。虽然人们普遍认为，近东早期农业的成功和传播与耕种和畜牧业的双重建立同时发生，但迫切需要基于原始科学证据的具体地点研究，以澄清紧密相连的作物和牲畜管理实践对于农业“一揽子计划”在西南亚内外传播的作用。该研究更广泛的影响在于，它将提供有关小规模农业社会经济和文化稳健性背后的社会经济因素的重要信息。收集到的信息不仅与亚洲和欧洲的史前史有关，而且与当今与大规模土地所有权、过度专业化和家庭层面经济一体化缺乏有关的粮食生产危机有关。土耳其、英国和美国的学生将参加该项目，以加强他们的培训并增加他们对近东史前史的了解。