Beschleunigertechnologie und Partikeltherapie in Deutschland im 20. Jahrhundert

该项目的目的是对当前直接感兴趣的研究技术进行历史分析，即加速器技术，以及伴随治疗癌症的治疗概念，即粒子治疗。研究对象是导致粒子治疗的现状和技术实现的发展。从科学技术史的角度来审视它们。该项目考虑了国家资助的研究（大学，凯撒-威廉研究所，马克斯-普朗克研究所，主要研究机构）和工业研究，分析了其合作结构和战略，导致在医学的一个专门分支学科，放射肿瘤学中开发和应用的高能物理大规模技术的实施。从技术的角度来看，加速器，如电子加速器，回旋加速器和线性加速器，是感兴趣的对象。结合邻近学科的医学应用发展，如计算机、真空和高频技术将被纳入研究。关于放射肿瘤学，我们区分三个发展时期：1。1 .技术建立的早期阶段（1928-1946）；2 .紧凑型治疗系统的实施时期（1946-1980）；复杂治疗设施的时期（从1980年到现在）。本研究的出发点是Rolf Wideröe关于第一台正常工作的双级直线加速器（1928）的工作和他关于圆形加速器的理论考虑。最后，在海德堡建立的欧洲第一个质子和重离子联合治疗设施以及马尔堡和基尔类似装置的失败都是感兴趣的对象。此外，该项目旨在为研究技术概念的历史处理做出重要贡献。为此，我们引用了特里·希恩的术语。根据希恩的说法，发展和传播这项技术的参与者可以被分析和部分地描述为研究技术人员，或者是一个跨学科研究社区的成员，由工业、学术物理学和医疗机构的代表组成，后来由政治家和国家代表扩大。重要的是要认识到，一个稳定的横场的形成，就论文而言，一直存在到今天，可以追溯到x射线第一次在医学上应用的时代。这个横向场及其结构和内在的发展动态是项目中执行的分析的核心要素。

The aim of the project is the historical analysis of a research technology of immediate interest in the present, the accelerator technology, and the concomitant therapeutical concept of the treatment of cancer, the particle therapy. The objects of research are the developments leading to the current actuality and the technological realization of particle therapy. They are scrutinized from the perspective of history of science and technology. The project considers state-funded research (Universities, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute, Max-Planck-Institute, major research institutions) and industrial research, analyzes the structure of its cooperativity and the strategies leading to the implementation of a large-scale technology developed and applied by high-energy physics in a dedicated subdiscipline of medicine, the radiooncology. From a technical point of view, accelerators, like betatrons, cyclotrons and linear accelerators, are the objects of interest. In connection with medical applications developments in neighbouring subjects, like computer-, vacuum- and high frequency technology will be integrated in the study. With regard to radiooncology, we distinguish three periods of development: 1. an early period of technological establishment (1928-1946), 2. a period of implementation of compact therapy systems (1946-1980), and 3. a period of complex therapy facilities (from 1980 to the present day). Starting point of the study is the work of Rolf Wideröe on the first properly functioning double-stage linear accelerator (1928) and his theoretical considerations about circular accelerators. Finally the establishment of the first combined proton and heavy ion therapy facility in Europe in Heidelberg and the failure of similar units in Marburg and Kiel are the objects of interest. In addition, the project aims for an essential contribution to the historical treatment of the research technology concept. For this purpose we draw on the terminology of Terry Shinn. The participating actors developing and disseminating the technology can be analyzed and characterized in part as research technologists in accordance to Shinn, or as members of an interdisciplinary research community, assembled of representatives of industry, academic physics, and medical facilities, later expanded by politicians and representatives of the state. It is important to discern that the formation of a stable transversal field, which, so much for the thesis, is in place to the present day, can be traced back to the era of the first medical applications of X-rays. This transversal field with its structures and its inherent dynamics of development is a core element of the analysis performed within the project.