Communities in Crisis: Kayenta Diaspora and Salado Coalescence in Southwestern New Mexico

过去人类对环境和社会危机的反应具有现实意义。两种常见的应对措施是移徙和聚集，这种流动既可以产生多族裔社区，也可以产生散居社区。一个多民族的社区共享一个地方，但被文化分隔开。一个散居社区共享一种文化，但在空间上是分散的。在美国国家科学基金会的支持下，沙漠考古中心将研究史前晚期新墨西哥州西南部这两种社区类型的证据，这是一个环境变化、社会动荡和人口崩溃的时期。在世纪后期，来自干旱的亚利桑那州东北部的卡耶塔部落步行300多公里到达亚利桑那州南部和新墨西哥州西南部的河谷。亚利桑那州南部的山谷已经被建立起来的霍霍坎灌溉社区所占据，这些社区的居民在文化上与卡耶塔移民不同。美国国家科学基金会先前的一项赠款（第0342661号）的结果表明，卡耶塔和霍霍坎之间在一些地区存在长期冲突。 在其他地方，融合的宗教和文化机构在两代人的时间内发展起来，形成了混合的霍霍坎-卡延塔身份。此外，一个散居国外的卡耶塔社区将分散的移民及其后代联系在一起，至少可以追溯到三代人。有价值的商品（特别是黑曜石武器）和信息关于陶瓷风格（与仪式意义）是由这个空间分散，但文化连接，社区。当人口亚利桑那州南部暴跌在世纪后期，有限的证据表明，一些混合Kayenta-Hohokam组迁移到西南部新墨西哥州，他们加入小卡耶塔人口生活在一个相对孤立的边境。第二次迁移导致沿着上吉拉河支流和明布雷斯河谷形成了一些村庄。目前的项目将用一个更大的数据集来测试这个基本前提，并研究这些世纪社区是如何组织起来的。这些村庄中是否有许多属于一个找到新家园的振兴的卡耶塔社区？或者，霍霍坎-卡延塔的混合和世纪的分散是否使卡耶塔的身份变得毫无意义？如果是这样的话，每个村庄是否都是一个独立的社区，与其他村庄只有微弱的联系？研究目标将通过以下方式实现：1）基于最近完善的陶瓷年表，以50年分辨率进行人口重建; 2）相关装饰陶瓷的来源、频率和风格分析; 3）黑曜石文物和样品的来源、频率和技术分析。将强调使用项目区域内和周围场地现有的、未经分析的收集品。这些收藏品在亚利桑那州、新墨西哥州、科罗拉多和俄亥俄州的各个仓库中进行策展。此外，陶瓷和黑曜石文物将从几个未取样的地点获得，影响最小，无论是表面收集或垃圾土丘中的小型挖掘单位。特别令人感兴趣的是亚利桑那州南部卡耶塔移民使用的主要黑曜石来源附近唯一已知的村庄。这个重要的网站将由一个实地学校测试的本科生亨德里克斯学院，阿肯色州和亚利桑那大学的研究生工作人员，给予宝贵的培训both.This study will enhance understanding of migration and community formation during intervals of serious stress and population collapse.它还将从传统社会的Vantage位置提供关于散居者的视角，在传统社会中，步行是唯一的交通方式。以前的散居研究强调现代和古代国家的背景下，更发达的交通和通信技术。

Past human responses to environmental and social crises have current relevance. Two common responses are migration and aggregation, movements that can generate both multi-ethnic communities and communities in diaspora. A multi-ethnic community shares a place, but is separated by culture. A community in diaspora shares a culture, but is spatially dispersed. Both are challenging to sustain.With National Science Foundation support, the Center for Desert Archaeology will examine evidence for both community types in southwestern New Mexico during the late prehistoric period, an interval of environmental change, social upheaval, and demographic collapse. In the late 13th century Kayenta groups from drought-stricken northeastern Arizona walked over 300 kilometers to the river valleys of southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. Southern Arizona valleys were already occupied by established Hohokam irrigation communities whose residents were culturally distinct from the Kayenta migrants. Results of a previous NSF grant (No. 0342661) indicate prolonged conflict between Kayenta and Hohokam in some regions. Elsewhere, integrative religious and cultural institutions developed within two generations resulting in a mixed Hohokam-Kayenta identity. In addition, a Kayenta community in diaspora that linked the scattered migrants and their descendants can be traced for at least three generations. Valuable goods (particularly obsidian for weapons) and information regarding ceramic style (with ritual significance) was circulated by this spatially dispersed, but culturally connected, community.When the population of southern Arizona plummeted in the late 14th century, limited evidence suggests some of the mixed Kayenta-Hohokam groups migrated into southwestern New Mexico where they joined small Kayenta populations living in a relatively isolated frontier. This second migration resulted in the formation of a number of villages along the Upper Gila River tributaries and in the Mimbres Valley. The current project will test this basic premise with a much larger data set and examine how these 14th century communities were organized. Did many of these villages belong to a revitalized Kayenta community that had found a new homeland? Alternatively, did Hohokam-Kayenta mixing and a century of dispersal render Kayenta identity meaningless? If so, was each village an independent community with only weak ties to other villages?Research objectives will be achieved by 1) demographic reconstruction at 50-year resolution based on a recently refined ceramic chronology, 2) source, frequency, and stylistic analyses of relevant decorated ceramics, and 3) source, frequency, and technological analyses of obsidian artifacts and samples. Use of existing, unanalyzed collections from sites in and around the project area will be emphasized. These collections are curated in various Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Ohio repositories. In addition, ceramic and obsidian artifacts will be obtained from several unsampled sites with minimal impact, either by surface collection or small excavation units in trash mounds. Of particular interest is the only known village near the primary obsidian source used by Kayenta migrants in southern Arizona. This important site will be tested by a field school for undergraduate students from Hendrix College, Arkansas and staffed by University of Arizona graduate students, giving valuable training to both.This study will enhance understanding of migration and community formation during intervals of severe stress and demographic collapse. It will also provide a perspective on diasporas from the vantage point of traditional societies where pedestrian travel was the only means of transportation. Previous diaspora studies have emphasized modern and ancient state contexts with more developed transportation and communication technologies.