MOD: A Political-Economic Model of Opposition/Support for Science and Innovation Policies

本项目通过解释为什么精心设计的科学和创新政策有时会受阻、扭曲或执行不当，解决了科学和创新政策研究中的一个重要空白。本文建立了一个国内政治变量如何影响科技创新政策（SIP）的设计、通过和实施的模型。这个项目的关键区别在于，大多数创新研究都把对科学技术的支持视为既定的，然后问哪些政策最能实现国家？美国的科技目标。相比之下，这个研究项目对科学技术的支持提出了质疑。也就是说，它承认技术变革在社会中创造了政治和经济上的赢家和输家。然后，它试图模拟这些输赢利益集团在SIP方面的行为。历史表明，失败者将竭力阻挠、拉拢或改变那些促进科学和创新的“好”政策。因此，了解这些斗争是如何以及为什么演变的，对于理解为什么一些国家比其他国家更擅长科学和技术变革至关重要。换句话说，这项研究的贡献是，以前的工作没有更好地理解对技术变革的政治阻力是如何和为什么产生的，以及它可以影响SIP和SIP结果的条件。政治经济模型，如本项目中开发的模型，已经成功地用于解释其他重要子领域的政策发展，如自由贸易、国际金融和经济发展。本项目探讨了应用这些建模方法来更好地解释SIP结果的可行性。当然，已经对创新政策的成功或失败的个别实例进行了案例研究，但尚未提出更普遍的政治经济模型（如本项目中设计的模型）。因此，该研究项目开辟了科学与ip研究的新途径，与现有的科学与ip奖学金有很大的互补。具体来说，它调查了不同利益集团之间的政治斗争，不同的政治机构（立法机构，行政部门，官僚机构），以及他们在不断变化的国家经济和安全条件下的不同政策重点对SIP的影响。更广泛的影响：这项研究有助于解释为什么“好的”政策和制度不能带来科技进步。因此，它为在各种学科（经济学、政治学、商业、工业研究）中发生的创新辩论提供了信息，这些学科往往忽略了对创新政策和制度背后的政治的分析（或者至少缺乏这些政治的一般模型）。成功的模型还可以为策略过程提供信息。它确定了某些政策设计或多或少可能被政府通过和适当实施的条件。这有助于制定战略，为sip及其实施获得更广泛的政治支持，从而帮助决策者提供更有效的sip。这项研究的成果正在网上、学术和政策研究会议、研究生和本科生水平的课程以及同行评议的期刊文章中传播。该项目还被用来作为一个机会，促进研究训练，使一名研究生研究助理参与其中。因此，这个项目影响了研究、政策制定和学生社区。

This project addresses an important gap in the science of science and innovation policy scholarship by explaining why well-designed science and innovation policies are sometimes blocked, distorted, or improperly executed. It develops a model of how domestic political variables affect the design, passage, and implementation of science and innovation policy (SIP). The key distinction in this project is that most innovation research takes support for science and technology as given, and then asks which policies can best achieve the nation?s science and technology goals. In contrast, this research project problematizes support for science and technology. That is, it acknowledges that technological change creates political and economic winners and losers within society. It then attempts to model the behavior of these winning and losing interest-groups in regards to SIP. History shows that the losers will fight to obstruct, co-opt, or alter otherwise "good" policies that promote science and innovation. Thus, understanding how and why these fights evolve is essential for understanding why some countries are better at science and technological change than others. Put differently, what this research contributes, that previous work has not, is a better understanding of how and why political resistance to technological change arises, and the conditions under which it can affect SIP and SIP outcomes.Political-economic models, such as the one developed in this project, have been successfully used to explain policy development in other important subfields such as free trade, international finance, and economic development. This project probes the feasibility of applying these modeling approaches to better explain SIP outcomes. Certainly case studies of individual instances of successful or failed innovation policy have been performed, but a more general political-economic model (such as the one designed in this project) has yet to be presented. This research project therefore opens up a new avenue of SciSIP research, one with substantial complementarities with existing lines of SciSIP scholarship. Specifically, it investigates the effects on SIP of: political battles between different interest-groups, different political institutions (legislatures, executives, bureaucracies), and their different policy priorities under changing national economic and security conditions.Broader impacts: This research helps to explain why otherwise "good" policies and institutions fail to deliver scientific and technological progress. It therefore informs the innovation debates taking place within a variety of disciplines (economics, political science, business, industry studies), each of which tends to omit analysis of the politics behind innovation policies and institutions (or at least lacks a general model of these politics). A successful model also informs the policy process. It identifies the conditions under which certain policy designs might be more or less likely to be passed and properly implemented by government. This can aid strategies for achieving more widespread political support for SIPs and their implementation, and thereby help policymakers deliver more effective SIPs. The products of this research are being disseminated online, at academic and policy research conferences, in graduate and undergraduate level courses, and in peer-reviewed journal articles. The project is also being used as an opportunity contribute to research training by involving a graduate student research assistant. Therefore this project impacts research, policymaking, and student communities.