International Collaborative Circumpolar Archaeological Project (ICCAP): Joint Russian-American research in Kamchatka

国际北极圈考古合作项目（ICCAP）：俄罗斯-美国在堪察加半岛的联合研究该奖项由2009年美国复苏和再投资法案资助（公法111-5）。ICCAP研究项目的主要目标是：（1）环极地区在过去受到不同环境变化趋势影响的程度;（2）人类在北极不同地区适应这些变化的相似性和差异。 研究小组将聘请一名？测试好？基于树木气候学、孢粉学、地球化学、气候建模、人种学和考古学的方法，收集气候和人类适应的直接和间接代理。这个项目非常成功的前身，欧洲科学基金会BOREAS计划的SCENOP，创建并比较了来自芬兰北方和加拿大北方的两个数据集。ICCAP从俄罗斯北方创建了一个新的数据集，并与其前身相结合，将提供三个近似等距放置的研究领域，涵盖整个环极世界。 对于每一个研究领域，使用相同的研究团队，使用相同的方法，在相同的分辨率水平，使得有可能从统一收集的数据进行有意义的比较。ICCAP增加了现有的？两个方向？（芬兰、加拿大）比较，两个新？两个方向？比较（芬兰，俄罗斯）（加拿大，俄罗斯），以及在数据集（芬兰，加拿大，俄罗斯）之间进行真正的三方比较。由于Yli-2芬兰、韦明吉魁北克加拿大和俄罗斯堪察加的乌斯季-堪察斯克的环地球地理位置，ICCAP将进行环极概括。 通过对北纬60度至78度、7000年至3000年前这三个沿海环极地区人类对气候和环境变化的反应进行长期研究，研究人员提出了一些对科学和政策很重要的基本问题。 例如：从长远来看，几千年来，年平均温度比季节温度更重要吗？ 绝对温度和降水量的变化是否比温度和降水量的变化更重要？环境变化的多样性是否导致人类适应的稳定性或多样性增加？在发生变化之前，环境变化或人类适应是否必须达到阈值？ 人类对环境或气候变化的适应需要是被动的还是主动的？ 环北极地区被广泛认为是了解环境变化和人类适应的重要观测站。 这在今天尤其如此，因为全球变暖的影响在北极地区最为明显。现实是否超出了预期？ 最后，该项目建议解释人类在面对全球和地方环境变化时的复原力的过去和潜在范围。从极地的角度来看，研究小组认为，这些信息有可能帮助决策者进入新的冷战后伙伴关系的辩论，并制定有关能源，后殖民治理和战略等问题的政策。

International Collaborative Circumpolar Archaeological Project(ICCAP): Joint Russian-American research in KamchatkaThis award is funded under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-5).The ICCAP research project's main goals are 1) the extent to which the circumpolar area has been subject to varying trends of environmental change in the past and 2) the similarities and differences in human adaptations to these changes in different areas of the Arctic. The research team will employ a ?well tested? collection of direct and indirect proxies of climate and human adaptation based upon methods from dendro-climatology, palynology, geo-chemistry, climate modeling, ethnography, and archaeology. The very successful predecessor of this project, SCENOP of the European Science Foundation BOREAS program, created and compared two data sets from northern Finland and northern Canada. ICCAP creates a new data set from northern Russia and combined with its predecessor will provide three approximately equidistant placed research areas encompassing the entire the circumpolar world. For each research area, the employing the same research teams using the same methodologies at the same levels of resolution makes possible meaningful comparisons from uniformly collected data. ICCAP adds to the existing ?two way? (Finland, Canada) comparison, two new ?two way? comparisons (Finland, Russia) (Canada, Russia), as well as making truly three way comparisons among the data sets (Finland, Canada, Russia). Because of the circum-global geographic locations, Yli-ii Finland, Wemindji Quebec Canada and Ust-Kamchatsk, Kamchatka, Russia, ICCAP will make circumpolar generalizations. By using a long-term perspective on human responses to climate and environmental change in these three coastal circumpolar locations between 60 and 78 degrees N latitude and 7000 to 3000 years ago, the researchers proposed to answer some basic questions that are important for science and policy. For example: in the long run, several thousand years, are yearly average temperatures more important than seasonal temperatures? Are absolute temperature and precipitation changes more important than the variability in temperature and precipitation? Does diversity of environmental change result in increasing stability or diversity of human adaptation? Are there thresholds that must be met in environmental change or in human adaptation before changes occur? Does human adaptation to environmental or climate change need to be reactive or may it successfully be pro-active? The circumpolar north widely is seen as a critical observatory for understanding environmental change and human adaptation. This is particularly true today since the effects of global warming are most clearly visible in the Arctic where ?reality has exceeded expectations?. Ultimately, this project proposes to explain the past and the potential range of human resilience when faced with global and local environmental changes. Taken from the circumpolar perspective, the research team believes that this information has the potential to aid policy makers as they enter into debates on new post-cold-war partnerships, and set policy concerning such issues as energy, post-colonial governance, and strategy.