A Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Gender, Race, and Ethnic Disparities in the Probability of Incarceration

监禁概率中性别、种族和民族差异的时空分析

• 批准号: 0921369
• 负责人: Eric Baumer
• 金额: $ 9.39万
• 依托单位: Florida State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-07-15 至 2012-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0921369&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Temporal; Spatial; Analysis; Gender; Race

This award is funded under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-5).The accumulated social science evidence suggests that black and Hispanic convicted defendants tend to be significantly more likely than white defendants to receive a sentence of imprisonment, and that convicted females are significantly less likely to be sentenced to prison than males. This project focuses on whether these demographic disparities in the probability of incarceration have changed during the past two decades in American urban areas and whether any observed changes are associated with other social, economic, and political shifts that have occurred during the same period. The project examines three specific research questions: (1) Have racial, ethnic, and gender differences in the probability of incarceration among convicted persons changed during the past two decades?; (2) Have racial, ethnic, and gender differences in the probability of incarceration during the past two decades varied across urban counties and states?; and (3) What social, economic, and policy conditions have been most influential in shaping trends in racial, ethnic, and gender differences in the probability of incarceration within and across jurisdictions in the U.S. over this period? These questions are addressed with a multilevel analysis of more than 90,000 criminal convictions in urban American courts between 1990 and 2008. The project focuses on absolute and relative trends in the probability of incarceration for Latinos, non-Latino blacks, non-Latino whites, males, and females, as well as gender-specific racial and ethnic sub-groups. Particular attention is devoted to assessing whether shifts in sentencing policies, changes in racial and gender attitudes, and reductions in objective group differences in social and economic conditions have yielded changes in demographic disparities in the probability of incarceration. The results will illuminate the social conditions and public policies that characterize places in which racial, ethnic, and gender disparities are smaller and where they have declined most significantly during the past two decades.

该奖项是根据2009年美国复苏和再投资法案（公法111-5）资助的。积累的社会科学证据表明，被定罪的黑人和西班牙裔被告比白人被告更有可能被判入狱，而被定罪的女性被判入狱的可能性明显低于男性。这个项目关注的是，在过去的二十年里，美国城市地区在监禁概率方面的人口差异是否发生了变化，以及观察到的任何变化是否与同期发生的其他社会、经济和政治变化有关。该项目考察了三个具体的研究问题：(1)在过去二十年中，被定罪者被监禁的概率在种族、民族和性别方面的差异是否发生了变化？(2)在过去二十年中，不同城市县和州的监禁概率是否存在种族、民族和性别差异？(3)在这一时期，什么样的社会、经济和政策条件对美国司法管辖区内和跨司法管辖区监禁概率的种族、民族和性别差异趋势的形成影响最大？这些问题是通过对1990年至2008年间美国城市法院9万多起刑事定罪的多层次分析来解决的。该项目侧重于拉丁裔、非拉丁裔黑人、非拉丁裔白人、男性和女性以及特定性别的种族和族裔亚群体被监禁概率的绝对趋势和相对趋势。特别注意评估量刑政策的转变、种族和性别态度的变化以及社会和经济条件中客观群体差异的缩小是否改变了监禁概率方面的人口差异。研究结果将阐明在过去二十年中，种族、民族和性别差异较小、下降最显著的地方的社会条件和公共政策特征。