Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Resource Intensification in Early Village Societies: Dairying on the Great Hungarian Plain

在William Parkinson博士的指导下，Hannke Hoekman-Sites将研究新石器时代和铜器时代(公元前6000-3000年)匈牙利大平原上的早期奶业实践，以确定奶制品使用是如何随着时间的推移而变化的。本研究通过考察史前匈牙利的考古遗迹，推进了经济集约化的研究。这一分析的结果将提供有关乳制品残留物在各个地点和不同容器类型中分布模式的信息。该项目的影响超出了残留物分析的范围。通过提供有关动物产品使用的总体趋势的信息，我们对东欧经济集约化进程的了解将大大扩展。Hoekman-Sites的项目调查了一个对我们对匈牙利大平原的理解产生直接影响的问题，并对社会组织的解释和残留物分析方法的发展具有广泛的考古意义。整个欧洲在青铜时代的复杂社会制度是在新石器时代和铜器时代的社会中发展起来的，经历了经济集约化和对动物资源的差异化开发。了解动物和动物产品在这种强化中的作用，对于了解该地区社会分层是如何发展的至关重要。使用残留物分析，将直接在陶瓷容器中识别动物脂肪和乳脂的存在。过去使用的残留物被证明在器皿停止使用并被保存在考古记录后很久仍留在未上釉的陶瓷器皿中。这些陶瓷样本是从科尔·S地区考古项目出土的材料和匈牙利东部的三个当地博物馆藏品中收集的。总共从10个新石器时代和铜器时代遗址收集了339个样本。每个时间段至少收集了50个样本。从每个陶瓷碎片中提取残留物后，将使用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)对样品进行分析，以确定是否存在动物脂肪。在对样品进行检测后，将对含有动物脂肪残留物的样品进行进一步检测，以确定存在的动物脂肪类型。第二轮测试将使用复合特定同位素分析区分乳脂、脂肪和猪脂肪，这将带来比单独进行动物脂肪存在测试更高程度的数据分辨率。该项目将带来有关东欧经济集约化的宝贵知识。它将通过向匈牙利考古学家说明如何利用残留物研究来促进他们自己的研究目标，为未来的合作提供机会。该项目的成果将广泛传播。最初，这项研究将以学位论文的形式发表，然后在同行评议的期刊上发表几篇关于理论、方法和更广泛的地理学方面的文章。这些数据还将在网上提供，这将增加残留物研究的数据库。

Under the direction of Dr. William Parkinson, Hanneke Hoekman-Sites will examine early dairying practices on the Great Hungarian Plain during the Neolithic and Copper Age (6000-3000 cal BC) to identify how milk product use changed through time. This study advances the study of economic intensification by examining archaeological residues from prehistoric Hungary. The results of this analysis will yield information about patterns of dairy residue distribution across individual sites and in various vessel types. The impact of this project reaches beyond the confines of residue analysis. By providing information about general trends of animal product use over time, our knowledge about the process of economic intensification in Eastern Europe will be greatly expanded. Hoekman-Sites's project investigates a question with immediate effects on our understanding of the Great Hungarian Plain and with broad archaeological implications for the interpretation of social organization and the development of residue analysis methodology. The complex social systems in place across Europe during the Bronze Age grew out of the Neolithic and Copper Age societies through periods of economic intensification and differential exploitation of faunal resources. Understanding the role of animals and animal products in this intensification is crucial to understanding how social stratification developed in this region. The presence of animal adipose and dairy fat will be identified directly in ceramic vessels using residue analysis. Residues from past use have been shown to remain in unglazed ceramic vessels long after the vessel falls out of use and is deposited into the archaeological record. The ceramic samples were collected from materials excavated by the Körös Regional Archaeological Project and from three local museum collections in eastern Hungary. In all, 339 samples were collected from 10 Neolithic and Copper Age sites. At least 50 samples were collected from each time period. After extracting the residues from each ceramic sherd the samples will be analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine if animal fat is present. After the samples are tested, those that contain animal fat residue will be tested further to determine the type of animal fat present. The second round of testing will differentiate between dairy fat, adipose fat, and porcine fat using compound specific isotopic analysis, which will bring a higher degree of data resolution than the animal fat presence testing alone. This project will result in valuable knowledge on eastern European economic intensification. It will provide opportunities for future collaboration by illustrating to Hungarian archaeologists how residue studies can be used to further their own research goals. The results of the project will be disseminated broadly. Initially the research will be published in dissertation form, followed by several articles on theoretical, methodological, and broader geographical aspects in peer-reviewed journals. The data will also be available online, which will add to the database of residue studies.