Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Resource Intensification in Early Village Societies: Dairying on the Great Hungarian Plain

博士论文改进补助金：早期乡村社会的资源集约化：匈牙利大平原的乳制品业

• 批准号: 0942953
• 负责人: William Parkinson
• 金额: $ 1.5万
• 依托单位: Field Museum of Natural History
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-09-01 至 2011-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0942953&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Resource

Under the direction of Dr. William Parkinson, Hanneke Hoekman-Sites will examine early dairying practices on the Great Hungarian Plain during the Neolithic and Copper Age (6000-3000 cal BC) to identify how milk product use changed through time. This study advances the study of economic intensification by examining archaeological residues from prehistoric Hungary. The results of this analysis will yield information about patterns of dairy residue distribution across individual sites and in various vessel types. The impact of this project reaches beyond the confines of residue analysis. By providing information about general trends of animal product use over time, our knowledge about the process of economic intensification in Eastern Europe will be greatly expanded. Hoekman-Sites's project investigates a question with immediate effects on our understanding of the Great Hungarian Plain and with broad archaeological implications for the interpretation of social organization and the development of residue analysis methodology. The complex social systems in place across Europe during the Bronze Age grew out of the Neolithic and Copper Age societies through periods of economic intensification and differential exploitation of faunal resources. Understanding the role of animals and animal products in this intensification is crucial to understanding how social stratification developed in this region. The presence of animal adipose and dairy fat will be identified directly in ceramic vessels using residue analysis. Residues from past use have been shown to remain in unglazed ceramic vessels long after the vessel falls out of use and is deposited into the archaeological record. The ceramic samples were collected from materials excavated by the Körös Regional Archaeological Project and from three local museum collections in eastern Hungary. In all, 339 samples were collected from 10 Neolithic and Copper Age sites. At least 50 samples were collected from each time period. After extracting the residues from each ceramic sherd the samples will be analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine if animal fat is present. After the samples are tested, those that contain animal fat residue will be tested further to determine the type of animal fat present. The second round of testing will differentiate between dairy fat, adipose fat, and porcine fat using compound specific isotopic analysis, which will bring a higher degree of data resolution than the animal fat presence testing alone. This project will result in valuable knowledge on eastern European economic intensification. It will provide opportunities for future collaboration by illustrating to Hungarian archaeologists how residue studies can be used to further their own research goals. The results of the project will be disseminated broadly. Initially the research will be published in dissertation form, followed by several articles on theoretical, methodological, and broader geographical aspects in peer-reviewed journals. The data will also be available online, which will add to the database of residue studies.

在William Parkinson博士的指导下，Hanneke Hoekman-Sites将研究新石器时代和铜器时代（公元前6000-3000卡）匈牙利大平原上的早期乳品生产实践，以确定奶制品的使用如何随着时间的推移而变化。 本研究通过考察史前匈牙利的考古遗迹推进了经济集约化的研究。 该分析的结果将产生关于各个地点和各种容器类型中乳制品残留物分布模式的信息。 该项目的影响超出了残留物分析的范围。 通过提供关于动物产品使用的一般趋势的信息，我们对东欧经济集约化进程的了解将大大扩展。 Hoekman-Sites的项目调查了一个对我们理解匈牙利大平原有直接影响的问题，并对社会组织的解释和残留物分析方法的发展具有广泛的考古意义。 青铜时代欧洲复杂的社会制度是从新石器时代和铜器时代的社会发展而来的，经历了经济集约化和对动物资源的差别化开发。 了解动物和动物产品在这种集约化中的作用对于了解该地区社会分层的发展至关重要。 将使用残留物分析在陶瓷容器中直接鉴别动物脂肪和乳制品脂肪的存在。 过去使用的残留物已经被证明在没有上釉的陶瓷器皿中保留了很长时间，直到器皿福尔斯不再使用，并被存入考古记录。 这些陶瓷样品是从Körös地区考古项目挖掘的材料和匈牙利东部三个当地博物馆的藏品中收集的。 在10个新石器时代和铜器时代的网站，共收集了339个样品。 每个时间段至少采集50份样本。 从每个陶瓷碎片中提取残留物后，将使用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）分析样品，以确定是否存在动物脂肪。 在测试样品后，将进一步测试含有动物脂肪残留的样品，以确定存在的动物脂肪的类型。 第二轮测试将使用化合物特异性同位素分析来区分乳脂肪、脂肪脂肪和猪脂肪，这将带来比单独的动物脂肪存在测试更高程度的数据分辨率。 该项目将产生关于东欧经济集约化的宝贵知识。 它将通过向匈牙利考古学家说明如何利用残留物研究来促进他们自己的研究目标，为未来的合作提供机会。 该项目的成果将广泛传播。 最初的研究将以论文的形式发表，然后在同行评审的期刊上发表几篇关于理论，方法和更广泛的地理方面的文章。 这些数据也将在网上提供，这将增加残留物研究数据库的内容。