Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Migration or Adoption? Modeling the Late Copper Age on the Great Hungarian Plain

博士论文改进补助金：迁移还是收养？

• 批准号: 0910071
• 负责人: William Parkinson
• 金额: $ 1.5万
• 依托单位: Field Museum of Natural History
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-06-01 至 2010-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0910071&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Migration

Under the supervision of Dr. William A. Parkinson, Timothy Parsons will test two competing models that seek to explain the dramatic social changes that occurred during the Late Copper Age on the Great Hungarian Plain (ca. 3500 BC), when the homogeneous "Baden Culture" began to extend across much of central and eastern Europe. These models are 1) a model of indigenous change; and 2) a model of migratory change. The indigenous change model posits that the social and settlement changes associated with the Late Copper Age developed out of increased local and interregional interaction. The migration model assumes that local populations would have been replaced or absorbed into invading populations. Parsons hypothesizes that intensified interactions between populations throughout Hungary and the surrounding region resulted from an increase in the ease of mobility as horse-riding and the use of wheeled carts became more common place. The archaeological signature of this pattern is indicated in the regional homogeneity of Baden material culture throughout the Carpathian Basin. Research focusing on the development of regionally homogenous material culture is important because it addresses several significant questions about how human societies were organized, and how they changed over time. In particular, this project will permit the formulation of more general anthropological models for understanding the spread of similar material culture over large geographic regions. The generalized anthropological processes underpinning these patterns - migration, diffusion, and social organization - cannot be understood without careful consideration of settlement and material culture patterns at both the local and regional levels. Because migration is difficult to identify in the archaeological record, this project examines changes in material culture that would have been caused by outside populations (i.e., changes in site locations and site size, and changes in how ceramics are designed and produced). The project will approach these questions by conducting archaeological fieldwork at Copper Age settlements in the Körös River Valley. Specifically, the project will: 1) identify changes in Middle Copper Age, Late Copper Age, and Early Bronze Age ceramic design and manufacturing techniques that may indicate the presence of an outside population's influence on local manufacture; 2) specify how settlement patterns changed during the periods leading up to the Late Copper Age Baden period; and, 3) use ceramic and settlement data to understand how populations on the Hungarian Plain reacted to Baden influence. The models generated as a result of this research, which focuses on the Great Hungarian Plain, can be used by anthropologists and archaeologists dealing with similar questions in different contexts throughout the world. Beyond issues of interest to social scientists, this project encourages international collaborative scientific research, and strengthens academic and research ties between the American and Hungarian scholarly communities. American undergraduate research assistants will benefit by having access to new archaeological data sets, making this project an excellent educational experience and a chance to engage in collaborative research with Hungarians and Americans. The results of this research will be published in American and European scholarly journals, a doctoral dissertation, and will be presented at academic conferences on both continents. The preparation of a website will enhance public visibility of the project and make the raw data available online. Furthermore, both Parsons as well as the undergraduate assistants will gain training in the methods of analysis mentioned above.

在威廉·A·帕金森博士的监督下，蒂莫西·帕森斯将测试两个相互竞争的模型，试图解释匈牙利大平原铜器时代晚期（约公元前 3500 年）发生的巨大社会变化，当时同质的“巴登文化”开始扩展到中欧和东欧的大部分地区。 这些模型是：1）本土变革模型； 2）迁移变化模型。 本土变化模型认为，与铜器时代晚期相关的社会和聚落变化是由于当地和区域间互动的增加而发展起来的。 迁移模型假设当地人口将被入侵人口取代或吸收。 帕森斯推测，随着骑马和轮式马车的使用变得更加普遍，匈牙利和周边地区人口之间的互动加剧，导致了流动性的增加。 这种模式的考古学特征体现在整个喀尔巴阡盆地巴登物质文化的区域同质性上。 关注区域同质物质文化发展的研究很重要，因为它解决了关于人类社会如何组织以及它们如何随时间变化的几个重要问题。特别是，该项目将允许制定更通用的人类学模型，以了解类似物质文化在大片地理区域的传播。如果不仔细考虑地方和区域层面的定居和物质文化模式，就无法理解支撑这些模式的广义人类学过程——移民、扩散和社会组织。 由于在考古记录中很难确定迁移，因此该项目研究了外来人口可能造成的物质文化变化（即遗址位置和遗址规模的变化，以及陶瓷设计和生产方式的变化）。 该项目将通过在克罗斯河谷的铜器时代定居点进行考古实地考察来解决这些问题。具体来说，该项目将： 1）确定中铜器时代、晚期铜器时代和早期青铜器时代陶瓷设计和制造技术的变化，这些变化可能表明外来人口对当地制造的影响； 2）具体说明在铜器时代晚期巴登时期之前的时期内聚落模式如何变化； 3) 使用陶瓷和定居点数据来了解匈牙利平原上的人们对巴登影响的反应。 这项针对匈牙利大平原的研究生成的模型可供人类学家和考古学家在世界各地不同背景下处理类似问题时使用。除了社会科学家感兴趣的问题之外，该项目还鼓励国际合作科学研究，并加强美国和匈牙利学术界之间的学术和研究联系。 美国本科生研究助理将受益于获得新的考古数据集，使该项目成为一次极好的教育体验，并有机会与匈牙利人和美国人进行合作研究。 这项研究的结果将发表在美国和欧洲的学术期刊、博士论文上，并将在两大洲的学术会议上发表。 网站的准备将提高该项目的公众知名度并在线提供原始数据。 此外，帕森斯和本科生助理都将接受上述分析方法的培训。