Early Village Social Dynamics: Prehistoric Settlement Nucleation on the Great Hungarian Plain

早期村庄社会动态：匈牙利大平原上的史前定居点核

• 批准号: 0911336
• 负责人: William Parkinson
• 金额: $ 23.13万
• 依托单位: Field Museum of Natural History
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-09-01 至 2015-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0911336&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Early; Village; Social; Dynamics; Prehistoric

With National Science Foundation support Drs. William Parkinson and Dr. Richard Yerkes will work with an international team of colleagues to conduct three seasons of multi-disciplinary field research in southeastern Hungary. The team brings together U.S., Hungarian, Greek, and Serbian specialists in archaeology, paleo-botany, archaeo-zoology, geophysics, soil chemistry, and geomorphology to examine the development of pre-urban settlements in the Körös Region of the Great Hungarian Plain within the Carpathian Basin in Central Europe. Specifically, the team will examine the process of settlement nucleation and population aggregation as revealed in the archaeology of agricultural villages during the Middle and Late Neolithic (5,300-4,700 cal BC). The project examines dramatic changes in socio-economic organization and settlement patterns that occurred nearly a thousand years after farming was established in the Carpathian Basin. These changes include natural and cultural processes that led to the establishment of compact, nucleated, fortified, villages that grew by accretion into 'tells' (artificial mounds of stratified occupations that spanned several centuries and consist of layers of leveled wattle-and-daub structures, filled-in features, and burials). This multi-disciplinary research project at several Neolithic sites in the Sebes-Körös region, Hungary will test models of settlement aggregation and nucleation that can be used to explore similar social processes elsewhere in the world.The main research objective is to test explanatory models for the emergence of nucleated agricultural villages that emphasize different causal factors (e.g., environmental changes, new animal husbandry practices, intensification of ritual and warfare, demographic transformation). The multi-disciplinary, international team will conduct systematic investigations at two tells and contemporary "flat" (non-tell) sites in the Sebes-Körös Region of Hungary. A geomorphological and soil coring program aimed at reconstructing the mid-Holocene hydrology of the region will also be conducted. Most data recovery and analysis will occur in Hungary, with only some samples for destructive analysis being brought back to the U.S. Data entry and artifact processing, cleaning, and sorting will occur daily at the research facility in Vésztõ.This study of nucleation in ancient village societies contributes to a broader anthropological understanding of the natural and cultural processes that laid the foundation for many other social changes, including the emergence of urbanization, territorialism and the development of economic and political complexity. By assessing independent lines of evidence, it will be possible to demonstrate how environmental, ecological, and social factors resulted in settlement nucleation, and eventually the development of large urban centers. Investigations of this long-term process on the Great Hungarian Plain will contribute to a general understanding of the social and structural dynamics within autonomous village or tribal societies that pushed and pulled them eventually toward social stratification, hierarchical organization, and urbanization. The proposed research will contribute to anthropological knowledge and social theory, advance international collaboration between American and East European scholars, and make datasets and research results widely available in public lectures, scientific journals, websites, and a monograph. It will increase technological and scientific understanding of the human past, and demonstrate how current social problems may have originated.

在国家科学基金会的支持下。威廉·帕金森和理查德·耶克斯博士将与国际同事团队合作，在匈牙利东南部进行三个季节的多学科实地研究。该团队汇集了美国、匈牙利、希腊和塞尔维亚考古学、古植物学、考古动物学、地球物理学、土壤化学和地貌学方面的专家，研究中欧喀尔巴阡盆地匈牙利大平原克罗斯地区前城市定居点的发展情况。具体来说，研究小组将研究新石器时代中晚期（公元前 5,300-4,700 年）农业村庄考古所揭示的定居点形成和人口聚集的过程。该项目研究了喀尔巴阡盆地建立农业近一千年后社会经济组织和定居模式发生的巨大变化。这些变化包括自然和文化过程，这些过程导致了紧凑的、有核的、坚固的村庄的建立，这些村庄通过堆积而成长为“土堆”（跨越几个世纪的分层职业的人工土堆，由一层层水平的枝条和涂抹结构、填充的特征和墓葬组成）。这个多学科研究项目位于匈牙利 Sebes-Körös 地区的几个新石器时代遗址，将测试聚落聚集和成核模型，这些模型可用于探索世界其他地方类似的社会过程。主要研究目标是测试强调不同因果因素（例如环境变化、新的畜牧业实践、集约化农业）的有核农业村庄出现的解释模型。 仪式和战争、人口转变）。这个多学科的国际团队将在匈牙利 Sebes-Körös 地区的两个火山口和当代“平坦”（非火山口）遗址进行系统调查。还将开展旨在重建该地区全新世中期水文的地貌和土壤取芯计划。大多数数据恢复和分析将在匈牙利进行，只有一些用于破坏性分析的样本被带回美国。数据输入和工件处理、清理和分类将每天在韦什托的研究机构进行。这项对古代村庄社会成核的研究有助于对自然和文化过程有更广泛的人类学理解，为许多其他社会变革奠定了基础，包括城市化、领土主义和社会变革的出现。 经济和政治复杂性的发展。通过评估独立的证据，将有可能证明环境、生态和社会因素如何导致聚落成核，并最终导致大型城市中心的发展。对匈牙利大平原这一长期过程的调查将有助于对自治村或部落社会内部的社会和结构动态有一个总体的了解，这些动态推动和拉动他们最终走向社会分层、等级组织和城市化。拟议的研究将为人类学知识和社会理论做出贡献，促进美国和东欧学者之间的国际合作，并使数据集和研究成果在公共讲座、科学期刊、网站和专着中广泛提供。它将增进对人类过去的技术和科学理解，并展示当前的社会问题可能是如何起源的。