Collaborative Research: Civil Rights Mobilization and Enforcement Networks

David CunninghamDaniel KryderBrandeis University加州大学的杰夫·沃德社会科学家已经完成了对民权运动的研究，但很少有人关注那些组织起来反对民权运动的人。因此，我们对为什么一些地方使用秘密、公开和合法的执法方法而不是其他地方；这种执法模式是由当地的经济、文化或政治因素造成的；或者这种执法行动如何改变不同地方的抗议活动--如果有的话--的了解有限。美国南部政府内外的公民是如何以各种方式联合起来，试图通过各种执法行动来压制当地的民权活动的？如果有的话，这种反民权运动的长期影响是什么？这个项目将收集和分析数据，以帮助回答这些问题。该项目的第一个研究目标是汇编公民行为者、执法人员和反对民权运动的法律机构的行动的比较数据库。其次，它将制定一个一般性的分析--对研究其他时间和地点的学者有用--解释当地反民权活动的模式。调查人员的重点是当地法院、警察机构和公民协会(包括像三K党这样的义务警员组织)，以及他们在密西西比州和北卡罗来纳州的行动是如何融合在一起或保持独立的。密西西比州是一个棉花州，被认为是对黑人自由活动人士最残酷的抵抗。北卡罗来纳州被认为是该地区更进步的州之一。选定的城市代表了每个州的民权活动和执法活动的不同组合。执法事件的证据将通过在当地档案中的实地工作来汇编，包括警方逮捕日志、当地报纸和法庭记录。调查员将利用统计和叙述方法，从反对民权运动的人的特征(如雇主或警察)和采取的行动类型(如工作压力或逮捕)两方面衡量某些城镇特征(例如，非裔美国人在农业或工业中的就业)是否导致了各类执法行动。调查人员将培训和雇用一个由四名高级本科生组成的团队，他们来自密西西比州和北卡罗来纳州代表性较低的群体，以及两名研究生，以协助这项历史研究。研究人员将与北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校和密西西比大学的学者合作，帮助规划和分析这项研究。调查人员将通过专门的网页向教师、研究人员和公众提供活动数据库。由此产生的学术成果将增加关于民权运动的深入文献，更密切地关注反民权执法活动在民权运动和长期种族关系发展中的作用。研究结果将使广大学者和实践者对社会运动、种族平等、人权和民权感兴趣。

SES-1024396David CunninghamDaniel KryderBrandeis UniversitySES-1024026Geoff WardUniversity of California IrvineSocial scientists have completed research the Civil Rights Movement but few studies have focused on those who organized against it. Consequently, we have only a limited understanding of why clandestine, public and legal enforcement methods were used in some places but not others; whether such enforcement patterns resulted from local economic, cultural, or political factors; or how such enforcement actions altered protest in various places, if at all. How did citizens both inside and outside of government in the American South combine in various ways to try to suppress local civil rights activity through various kinds of enforcement actions? What if any are the long term implications of this anti-civil rights activism?This project will collect and analyze data to help answer these questions. The project's first research objective is to compile a comparative data base of the actions of civic actors, law enforcement personnel, and legal institutions opposing the Civil Rights Movement. Second, it will develop a general analysis - useful for scholars studying other times and places - that explains local patterns of anti-civil rights activism. The investigators focus on local courts, police agencies, and civic associations (including vigilante groups like the Ku Klux Klan), and how their operations blended together or remained separate in four cities in Mississippi, a cotton state regarded as the most brutally resistant to black freedom activists, and in four cities in North Carolina, thought to be one of the more progressive states in the region. The selected cities represent varying combinations of civil rights activity and enforcement activity in each state. Evidence of enforcement events will be compiled through fieldwork in local archives, including police arrest logs, local newspapers, and court records. Using statistical and narrative approaches, investigators will gauge whether certain town characteristics (e.g., African American employment in agriculture or industry) caused types of enforcement actions, both in terms of the characteristics of those acting in opposition to the civil rights movement (e.g., employers or the police) and the kinds of action taken (e.g., job pressure or arrests).The project has several broader impacts. The investigators will train and employ a team of four advanced undergraduates drawn from underrepresented groups in Mississippi and North Carolina, along with two graduate students, to assist in this historical research. The investigators will partner with academics at UNC-Chapel Hill and the University of Mississippi to help plan and analyze the research. The investigators will make the event database accessible to teachers, researchers, and the public via dedicated webpages. Resulting scholarship will augment the deep literature on the Civil Rights Movement with closer attention to the role of anti-civil rights enforcement activity in the development of the movement and longer term race relations. Stud results will inform a wide range of scholars and practitioners with interests in social movements, racial equality, and human and civil rights.