OCEAN ACIDIFICATION - Category 1: COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: Acclimation and adaptation to ocean acidification of key ecosystem components in the California Current System

海洋酸化 - 第 1 类：合作研究：加州洋流系统关键生态系统组成部分对海洋酸化的适应和适应

• 批准号: 1041260
• 负责人: Margaret McManus
• 金额: $ 3.31万
• 依托单位: University of Hawaii
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-10-01 至 2014-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1041260&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: OCEAN; ACIDIFICATION; Category; COLLABORATIVE; RESEARCH

Intellectual Merit. This project will investigate the impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on two ecologically important, calcification-dependent marine invertebrates in relation to local-to-coastal variation in carbonate chemistry (e.g., pH and aragonite saturation) in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME). An interdisciplinary team of investigators with expertise in physical and chemical oceanography, marine ecology, biochemistry, molecular physiology, and molecular genetics will carry out an integrated, lab and field, multi-site investigation of the ecological, physiological, and evolutionary responses of sea urchins and mussels to spatial and temporal variation in OA. The research will take place in the context of a mosaic of variable oceanography, including recently documented latitudinal variation in carbonate chemistry along the upwelling-dominated US west coast. Variation in upwelling regimes from Washington to southern California generates spatial and temporal gradients in concentration of CO2 that shoal to surface waters during upwelling events, extending shoreward into the inner shelf region. Through well-known chemical pathways, influxes of CO2 cause present-day declines in pH in coastal ecosystems that are lower than values forecast for the ocean in general in the year 2200. Lower than "normal" pH can influence organisms by altering intracellular biochemistry, and especially, for calcification-dependent marine organisms, interfere with formation of hard parts as the aragonite saturation state falls near or below 1.0. Because calcifiers in the upwelling-dominated CCLME have historically experienced persistent regional variation in pH, populations are likely differentially acclimatized and/or adapted to a variable carbonate chemistry environment. The new challenge to these organisms is that with global change and the resulting increase in seawater CO2, they already may be close to their acclimatization or adaptational capacity, and thus may have limited ability to respond to additional increases in CO2. It is this challenge, the mechanistic ability of calcifying invertebrates to acclimate or adapt to increasing CO2 and aragonite saturation states 1.0 that we address here. Preliminary results from NSF-funded, local-scale studies of sea urchin and oyster larvae (by PIs included in the present team) has made inroads into this question, but the response of these widely-ranging species to ocean acidification across the full range of conditions in the CCLME remains unclear. This project includes five integrated elements. (1) To document the oceanographic context in which the study organisms live, the team of PIs will build upon two local-scale NSF-funded networks of sensors (in Oregon and northern California) to quantify carbonate chemistry in four regions of the CCLME with contrasting upwelling regimes, and thus, likely a wide range of differences in carbonate chemistry. Based on NOAA surveys, OA should be most intense in northern California and Oregon, less intense in central California, and least intense in the Santa Barbara channel, east of Point Conception. (2) To examine physiological, genomic, and genetic mechanisms underlying acclimatization and adaptation to OA conditions, the investigators will carry out coordinated and integrated studies of adults and larvae of sea urchins and mussels collected from each of two sites within each of the four regions. In common-garden experiments using NSF-funded laboratory mesocosms at UCSB and UCD-BML, the researchers will culture sea urchins and mussels under different CO2 and temperature regimes, and use genomics techniques

知识价值。该项目将调查海洋酸化（OA）对两种生态上重要的、依赖钙化的海洋无脊椎动物的影响，并将其与加州洋流大型海洋生态系统（CCLME）中碳酸盐岩化学（例如pH值和文石饱和度）的地方到沿海变化联系起来。一个由物理和化学海洋学、海洋生态学、生物化学、分子生理学和分子遗传学专家组成的跨学科研究小组将对海胆和贻贝对OA时空变化的生态、生理和进化反应进行综合、实验室和现场、多地点的调查。这项研究将在一个多变的海洋学背景下进行，包括最近记录的沿上升流主导的美国西海岸碳酸盐化学的纬度变化。从华盛顿到南加州的上升流状态的变化产生了二氧化碳浓度的时空梯度，在上升流事件期间，二氧化碳浓度向地表水浅滩延伸，向海岸延伸到内大陆架区域。通过众所周知的化学途径，二氧化碳的流入导致沿海生态系统目前的pH值下降，低于2200年海洋的总体预测值。低于“正常”pH值可以通过改变细胞内的生物化学来影响生物，特别是对于依赖钙化的海洋生物，当文石饱和状态接近或低于1.0时，会干扰硬部分的形成。由于在以上升流为主的CCLME中，钙化物在历史上经历了持续的区域pH变化，因此种群可能不同地适应和/或适应了变化的碳酸盐化学环境。这些生物面临的新挑战是，随着全球变化和由此导致的海水二氧化碳增加，它们可能已经接近其适应或适应能力，因此可能对二氧化碳的额外增加作出反应的能力有限。钙化无脊椎动物适应或适应不断增加的二氧化碳和文石饱和状态1.0的机制能力，正是我们在这里讨论的挑战。由美国国家科学基金会（nsf）资助，对海胆和牡蛎幼体进行的局部规模研究（由本团队中的pi进行）的初步结果已经对这个问题取得了进展，但是这些广泛分布的物种对CCLME中各种条件下海洋酸化的反应仍然不清楚。该项目包括五个综合要素。(1)为了记录研究生物所处的海洋环境，pi团队将建立在美国国家科学基金会资助的两个地方规模的传感器网络（在俄勒冈州和北加州）上，以量化CCLME四个地区的碳酸盐化学，这些地区具有对比鲜明的上升流制度，因此，碳酸盐化学可能存在广泛的差异。根据美国国家海洋和大气管理局的调查，OA应该在加州北部和俄勒冈州最强烈，在加州中部较弱，在圣芭芭拉海峡最弱，在概念点以东。(2)为了研究适应和适应OA环境的生理、基因组和遗传机制，研究人员将对从四个地区的两个地点收集的海胆和贻贝的成虫和幼虫进行协调和综合研究。在UCSB和UCD-BML的普通花园实验中，研究人员将在不同的二氧化碳和温度制度下培养海胆和贻贝，并使用基因组学技术