SBIR Phase II: Low-cost Long-life Diamond Electrodes for Wastewater Treatment using Advanced Electrochemical Oxidation

SBIR 第二阶段：采用先进电化学氧化技术用于废水处理的低成本长寿命金刚石电极

• 批准号: 1058505
• 负责人: John Carlisle
• 金额: $ 49.99万
• 依托单位: ADVANCED DIAMOND TECHNOLOGIES
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2011-04-01 至 2014-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1058505&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: SBIR; Phase; II; Low; cost

This Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase II project will employ the boron-doped ultrananocyrstalline diamond (BD-UNCD) electrodes developed during the Phase I project to fabricate and characterize electrochemical cells and systems for the on-site generation (OSG) of advanced oxidants (chlorine-based mixed oxidants - hydrogen peroxide combined with hypochlorite - and sodium persulfate) and apply them to targeted water treatment applications. The primary research objectives are to determine the optimal conditions to generate oxidants and to establish the projected lifetime of the electrodes. BD-UNCD cells will demonstrate higher rates of oxidant production at lower costs and with greater energy efficiency than competing electrodes due to higher current densities and over-potentials for O2 and H2 evolution at the anode and cathode. The known difficulties with existing approaches of disinfection, such as the inadequate destruction of pathogens (Cryptosporidium), ineffective operation below 10°C, generation of large quantities of O2 and H2, and electrode fouling are expected to be mitigated substantially through use of BD-UNCD electrodes. Sodium persulfate (SPS) has been used as a highly effective oxidant capable of oxidative destruction of recalcitrant organics such as in oil-contaminated sea water. BD-UNCD technology will dramatically reduce the cost and increase flexibility of OSG water treatment using SPS.The broader impact/commercial potential of this project is the development of a safer, cheaper, more environmentally friendly technology to generate "green" oxidants using diamond electrodes that can be used for a number of water treatment applications including purification, disinfection, and remediation. The market for chlorine-based disinfection systems alone is $20 billion with a correspondingly large impact on human health and national security issues associated with transporting vast quantities of hazardous materials. Overcoming technical barriers that have prevented diamond from being used for oxidant generation will require advances in the synthesis and large-scale manufacturing of diamond thin films that will impact other applications of this material. The electrochemistry of diamond is not well understood in the conditions needed for OSG. Better understanding of these reactions and the technological trade-offs between cell design and electrode geometry will impact related applications including the development of compact systems for third-world potable water generation, small scale desalination, the energy efficient electrochemical synthesis of new materials and other point-of-use applications of advanced oxidants. Large scale on-site generation of persulfates will enable highly effective treatment of refractory organics found in oil contaminated sea water and waste water associated with bitumen refining.

该小型企业创新研究（SBIR）第二阶段项目将采用在第一阶段项目中开发的硼掺杂超纳米金刚石（BD-UNCD）电极来制造和表征用于现场生成（OSG）高级氧化剂（氯基混合氧化剂-过氧化氢与次氯酸盐和过硫酸钠的组合）的电化学电池和系统，并将其应用于目标水处理应用。 主要的研究目标是确定产生氧化剂的最佳条件，并建立电极的预计寿命。 BD-UNCD电池将以较低的成本和比竞争电极更高的能量效率表现出更高的氧化剂生产速率，这是由于阳极和阴极处的O2和H2释放的电流密度和过电位更高。现有消毒方法的已知困难，例如病原体（隐孢子虫）的破坏不足、低于10°C的无效操作、大量O2和H2的产生以及电极结垢，预期通过使用BD-UNCD电极将大大减轻。过硫酸钠（SPS）是一种高效的氧化剂，能够氧化破坏石油污染的海水中的难降解有机物。 BD-UNCD技术将大大降低成本，并增加使用SPS的OSG水处理的灵活性。该项目更广泛的影响/商业潜力是开发一种更安全，更便宜，更环保的技术，使用金刚石电极产生“绿色”氧化剂，可用于许多水处理应用，包括净化，消毒和补救。仅氯基消毒系统的市场就达200亿美元，对人类健康和与运输大量危险材料相关的国家安全问题产生了相应的巨大影响。 克服阻碍金刚石用于氧化剂生成的技术障碍将需要在金刚石薄膜的合成和大规模制造方面取得进展，这将影响这种材料的其他应用。在OSG所需的条件下，金刚石的电化学还没有得到很好的理解。更好地理解这些反应以及电池设计和电极几何形状之间的技术权衡将影响相关应用，包括开发用于第三世界饮用水生成的紧凑系统，小规模脱盐，新材料的节能电化学合成以及高级氧化剂的其他使用点应用。 大规模现场产生过硫酸盐将能够高效处理石油污染的海水和与沥青精炼相关的废水中发现的难降解有机物。