Analysis of Carbon Particulates Produced in Combustion of Biodiesels

提案审查分析PI：Wilson Merchan-Merchan提案编号：CBET-1067395机构：俄克拉荷马大学标题：分析生物柴油燃烧过程中产生的碳颗粒由于传统燃料的巨大能源需求及其局限性，出现了对生物燃料等可再生/可持续来源能源的迫切需求。液体生物柴油、生物醇、不同种类的植物油和生物醚具有满足能源需求的潜力，同时被认为可以减少对我们环境的不利影响。据报道，生物柴油可以显著减少气体中的有害排放和挥发性有机化合物。然而，关于生物柴油和/或植物油/柴油混合物产生的碳质颗粒(烟尘颗粒)，人们知之甚少。由于其纳米尺寸，碳颗粒具有巨大的环境污染和健康影响潜力，即使在比其他气体燃烧排放更高的水平上也是如此。吸入纳米尺寸(十亿分之一米)的颗粒物很有可能沉积到肺部，并可能引发或加剧呼吸道疾病。在某些情况下，这些有害的超细颗粒可以直接穿过毛细血管壁进入血液，引发严重疾病，此外还会影响呼吸健康。颗粒越小，它们的危害就越大。此外，由于它们的大小和重量很轻，这些颗粒可以在空气中悬浮数周后才会稳定下来。皮S的初步结果表明，在相同的实验条件下，两种不同生物柴油产生的碳粒直径明显小于柴油产生的碳粒径。初步发现与燃油燃烧的燃烧室可能产生较大(危害较小)或粗颗粒的概念相矛盾。因此，迫切需要了解这些新出现的燃料产生的这些超细有害颗粒物的生长过程。同流燃烧器被用来产生火焰。这个项目的方法如下。目的1：利用激光消光技术研究不同生物柴油及其与不同比例柴油混合燃料对碳烟浓度(颗粒物)的影响。还将通过创建氧含量从21%到100%O2的不同火焰介质来研究烟尘浓度的影响。激光消光技术允许对各种火焰中的局部烟尘浓度进行瞬时、非侵入性测量。目的：采用热泳法提取碳颗粒，获得其颗粒分布，并研究其颗粒形态(大小、纳米结构和团聚程度)。为了实现目标2，将使用电子显微镜和高分辨率电子显微镜对碳颗粒样品进行分析。目标3：还将致力于获取主要气体化学物种的浓度分布，包括CO、CO2、O2、SOx和NOx。排放浓度将通过扫描火焰的轴向和径向获得，作为产生空间分辨数据的一种手段。这项研究试图从根本上了解各种生物柴油和混合物产生的碳质颗粒和其他有害气体排放。鉴于这项研究项目将在历史上以美国原住民遗产和人口而闻名的俄克拉何马州进行，这项提议的更广泛影响集中在招收美国原住民学生进入理工科。第一个教育提案侧重于一项计划，旨在激发人们的兴趣，从而增加美洲原住民对本科和高级工程教育的参与。为了产生更广泛的影响，这一教育命题还将重点关注对中学生的辅导。第二个教育提案侧重于鼓励和增加国内学生对高等工程教育的参与。努力将目标对准本科三年级和四年级的高天赋学生。俄亥俄州立大学拥有一批优秀的本科生可供选择，这从俄勒冈州立大学在全国公立大学人均国家功勋奖学金排行榜上一直排名第一就是明证。这些国家功勋奖学金获得者中约有一半在工程学院录取，因此将在当地和全国范围内招收大量潜在的研究生。

Proposal Review Analysis PI: Wilson Merchan-MerchanProposal Number: CBET-1067395Institution: University of OklahomaTitle: Analysis of Carbon Particulates Produced in Combustion of BiodieselsDue to the large energy demand of traditional fuels and therefore its limitations, the urgent need for energy from renewable/sustainable sources such as biofuels has emerged. Liquid biodiesels, bioalcohols, vegetables oils of different kinds and bioethers have the potential to address the energy need and at the same time are believed to lessen the adverse effects on our environment. It has been reported that biodiesel can significantly reduce gaseous harmful emissions and volatile organic compounds. However, little is known regarding the carbonaceous particles (soot particulates) produced from biodiesels and/or vegetable oil/diesel blends. Due to their nanometer-size, carbon particulates have great potential for environmental contamination and health effects, even at greater levels than other gaseous combustion emissions. Particles of nanometer size (billionth of a meter) that are inhaled have a high probability of deposition into the lungs and are likely to trigger or exacerbate respiratory diseases. In some cases these hazardous ultra fine particles can pass directly through capillary walls into the bloodstream initiating severe diseases in addition to respiratory health effects. The smaller the size of the particles, the more harmful they become. Moreover, due to their size and light weight, these particles can be suspended in the air for weeks before settling. The PI?s preliminary results show that carbon particulates produced from two different biodiesels have significantly smaller diameters compared to those produced in diesel fuel under the same experimental conditions. The preliminary findings contradict the notion that combustors running with oils are likely to produce large (less harmful) or coarse particles. Therefore, there is a critical need to understand the growth processes of these ultra-fine hazardous particulates generated from these new emerging fuels. A co-flow burner is used to create the flames. The approach of this project will be as follows. Objective 1: study the effect of soot concentrations (particle population) using different biodiesels and blends with various percentages of diesel fuel using the laser extinction technique. The effect of soot concentration will also be studied by creating the flame medium with different oxygen contents ranging from 21% to 100% O2. The laser extinction technique allows for an instantaneous, non-intrusive measurement of local soot concentration in a variety of flames. Objective 2: obtain particle distributions and study the particle morphology (size, nanostructure, and degree of agglomeration) of the carbon particulates by extracting them using the thermophoretic sampling technique. To accomplish objective 2, samples of carbon particulates will be analyzed using electron transmission microscopy (TEM) and high resolution TEM. Objective 3: Efforts will also be devoted to obtain concentration profiles of major gaseous chemical species, including CO, CO2, O2, SOx, and NOx. The emissions concentrations will be obtained by scanning the flame in axial and radial directions as a means of producing spatially resolved data. This research seeks to obtain a fundamental understanding of carbonaceous particles and other harmful gaseous emissions produced from various biodiesels and blends.Given the fact that this research project will take place in Oklahoma which is historically known for its Native American heritage and population, the broader impact of this proposal focuses on the recruitment of Native American students into science and engineering. The first Educational Proposition focuses on a plan to stimulate interest and as a result increase the participation of Native Americans in undergraduate and advanced level engineering education. In order to have a broader impact, this Educational Proposition will also focus on the mentoring of secondary level students. The second Educational Proposition focuses on stimulating and increasing the participation of domestic students in an advanced education in engineering. Efforts will be targeted toward highly talented students who are in their third and fourth year of their undergraduate studies. OU has an exceptional pool of talented undergraduate students to draw from as evidenced by the fact that OU is consistently ranked #1 in National Merit Scholars per capita for public universities in the nation. Approximately half of these National Merit Scholars matriculate in the College of Engineering, thus constituting a large number of potential graduate students to be recruited locally as well as nationally.