Analysis of Carbon Particulates Produced in Combustion of Biodiesels

提案审查分析PI：Wilson Einstein提案编号：CBET-1067395机构：俄克拉荷马大学标题：生物柴油燃烧产生的碳颗粒分析由于传统燃料的大量能源需求及其局限性，对生物燃料等可再生/可持续能源的迫切需求已经出现。 液体生物柴油、生物醇、不同种类的植物油和生物醚具有解决能源需求的潜力，同时被认为可以减轻对我们环境的不利影响。 据报道，生物柴油可以显著减少气体有害排放物和挥发性有机化合物。 然而，关于由生物柴油和/或植物油/柴油混合物产生的碳质颗粒（烟灰颗粒）知之甚少。 由于其纳米尺寸，碳颗粒具有很大的环境污染和健康影响潜力，甚至比其他气体燃烧排放物更高。 吸入的纳米级颗粒（十亿分之一米）很有可能沉积到肺部，很可能引发或加剧呼吸道疾病。 在某些情况下，这些危险的超细颗粒可以直接通过毛细血管壁进入血液，引发严重的疾病，除了呼吸系统健康的影响。 颗粒的尺寸越小，它们变得越有害。 此外，由于它们的大小和重量轻，这些颗粒可以在沉降前悬浮在空气中数周。 私家侦探？的初步结果表明，在相同的实验条件下，从两种不同的生物柴油中产生的碳颗粒的直径明显小于柴油燃料中产生的碳颗粒的直径。 初步研究结果与燃油燃烧器可能产生大（危害较小）或粗颗粒的观点相矛盾。 因此，迫切需要了解这些新兴燃料产生的超细有害颗粒物的生长过程。 并流燃烧器用于产生火焰。 本项目的方法如下。目标1：使用激光消光技术研究使用不同生物柴油和具有不同百分比柴油燃料的混合物的烟灰浓度（颗粒群）的影响。 还将通过创建具有范围从21%到100%O2的不同氧含量的火焰介质来研究烟灰浓度的影响。 激光消光技术允许对各种火焰中的局部烟尘浓度进行瞬时、非侵入式测量。 目标二：通过使用热泳取样技术提取碳颗粒，获得颗粒分布并研究碳颗粒的颗粒形态（尺寸、纳米结构和附聚程度）。 为了实现目标2，将使用电子透射显微镜（TEM）和高分辨率TEM分析碳颗粒样品。 目标三： 还将致力于获得主要气体化学物质的浓度分布，包括CO、CO2、O2、SOx和NOx。 将通过在轴向和径向方向上扫描火焰作为产生空间分辨数据的手段来获得排放浓度。 本研究旨在获得对各种生物柴油和混合物产生的碳质颗粒和其他有害气体排放的基本认识。鉴于这一研究项目将在历史上以美洲原住民遗产和人口而闻名的俄克拉荷马州进行，这一提议的更广泛影响集中在招募美洲原住民学生进入科学和工程领域。 第一个教育提案的重点是一个计划，以激发兴趣，从而增加美国原住民在本科和高级工程教育的参与。 为了产生更广泛的影响，这一教育提案还将侧重于对中学生的辅导。 第二个教育提案的重点是激励和增加国内学生在工程高等教育中的参与。 努力将针对谁是在他们的第三和第四年的本科学习的高度有才华的学生。 剑桥大学拥有一批优秀的本科生，这一事实证明，剑桥大学在全国公立大学的人均国家优秀学者中一直排名第一。 这些国家优秀学者中约有一半进入工程学院，从而构成了大量潜在的研究生，可在当地和全国范围内招聘。

Proposal Review Analysis PI: Wilson Merchan-MerchanProposal Number: CBET-1067395Institution: University of OklahomaTitle: Analysis of Carbon Particulates Produced in Combustion of BiodieselsDue to the large energy demand of traditional fuels and therefore its limitations, the urgent need for energy from renewable/sustainable sources such as biofuels has emerged. Liquid biodiesels, bioalcohols, vegetables oils of different kinds and bioethers have the potential to address the energy need and at the same time are believed to lessen the adverse effects on our environment. It has been reported that biodiesel can significantly reduce gaseous harmful emissions and volatile organic compounds. However, little is known regarding the carbonaceous particles (soot particulates) produced from biodiesels and/or vegetable oil/diesel blends. Due to their nanometer-size, carbon particulates have great potential for environmental contamination and health effects, even at greater levels than other gaseous combustion emissions. Particles of nanometer size (billionth of a meter) that are inhaled have a high probability of deposition into the lungs and are likely to trigger or exacerbate respiratory diseases. In some cases these hazardous ultra fine particles can pass directly through capillary walls into the bloodstream initiating severe diseases in addition to respiratory health effects. The smaller the size of the particles, the more harmful they become. Moreover, due to their size and light weight, these particles can be suspended in the air for weeks before settling. The PI?s preliminary results show that carbon particulates produced from two different biodiesels have significantly smaller diameters compared to those produced in diesel fuel under the same experimental conditions. The preliminary findings contradict the notion that combustors running with oils are likely to produce large (less harmful) or coarse particles. Therefore, there is a critical need to understand the growth processes of these ultra-fine hazardous particulates generated from these new emerging fuels. A co-flow burner is used to create the flames. The approach of this project will be as follows. Objective 1: study the effect of soot concentrations (particle population) using different biodiesels and blends with various percentages of diesel fuel using the laser extinction technique. The effect of soot concentration will also be studied by creating the flame medium with different oxygen contents ranging from 21% to 100% O2. The laser extinction technique allows for an instantaneous, non-intrusive measurement of local soot concentration in a variety of flames. Objective 2: obtain particle distributions and study the particle morphology (size, nanostructure, and degree of agglomeration) of the carbon particulates by extracting them using the thermophoretic sampling technique. To accomplish objective 2, samples of carbon particulates will be analyzed using electron transmission microscopy (TEM) and high resolution TEM. Objective 3: Efforts will also be devoted to obtain concentration profiles of major gaseous chemical species, including CO, CO2, O2, SOx, and NOx. The emissions concentrations will be obtained by scanning the flame in axial and radial directions as a means of producing spatially resolved data. This research seeks to obtain a fundamental understanding of carbonaceous particles and other harmful gaseous emissions produced from various biodiesels and blends.Given the fact that this research project will take place in Oklahoma which is historically known for its Native American heritage and population, the broader impact of this proposal focuses on the recruitment of Native American students into science and engineering. The first Educational Proposition focuses on a plan to stimulate interest and as a result increase the participation of Native Americans in undergraduate and advanced level engineering education. In order to have a broader impact, this Educational Proposition will also focus on the mentoring of secondary level students. The second Educational Proposition focuses on stimulating and increasing the participation of domestic students in an advanced education in engineering. Efforts will be targeted toward highly talented students who are in their third and fourth year of their undergraduate studies. OU has an exceptional pool of talented undergraduate students to draw from as evidenced by the fact that OU is consistently ranked #1 in National Merit Scholars per capita for public universities in the nation. Approximately half of these National Merit Scholars matriculate in the College of Engineering, thus constituting a large number of potential graduate students to be recruited locally as well as nationally.