Punishment Regimes and the Multi-Level Effects of Parental Imprisonment: Inter-Institutional, Inter-generational and Inter-sectional Models of Inequality and Exclusion

在美国，父母的高监禁水平对孩子的影响有何不同？研究还没有系统地检查这些影响的变化与一个全面的和有代表性的国家样本，允许分析美国各州的变化。这项研究将首次使用一种研究设计来检查母亲和父亲监禁的影响变化，这种研究设计可以联合检查州和学校层面的儿童政策。这项研究将基于1995年以来在国家青少年健康纵向研究[Add Health]中收集的现已成年的青少年的数据。这项研究将运用生命历程理论来研究从童年到青春期、从成年早期到中年的潜在可改变的途径，重点关注诸如高中成绩、犯罪、司法系统接触、抑郁情绪和药物使用等可测量的发展因素。最重要的论点是，父母监禁的各种影响是由美国社会的青少年过渡到成年期所经历的。这种方法是代际的，将被监禁的父母与孩子联系起来；将州惩罚政策与地方学校联系起来的机构间关系；在种族/民族和性别不平等的界线上区分结果是交叉的。这项研究关注的是解释不平等对成年早期的影响，包括收入、就业、财务压力和相对的社会经济地位。该样本是历史上独一无二的一组父母和孩子，他们出生在大规模监禁的高峰时期（20世纪80年代），在美国监禁扩张期间进行了四次调查。该项目包括以下目标：(1)制定国家惩罚措施，将其附加到增加健康数据中；(2)检验国家处罚效果；(3)检验学校处罚政策及其对学校的影响；(4)检验父母监禁效应。

How do effects of high levels of incarceration of parents on their children vary across the U.S.? Research has not systematically examined variation in these effects with a comprehensive and representative national sample that allows analysis of variation across U.S states. This research will be the first to examine variation in effects of maternal and paternal incarceration using a research design that can jointly examine state and school level policies on children. The research will be based on data gathered since 1995 on adolescents who are now adults in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health [Add Health]. The research will apply a life course theory to examine potentially modifiable pathways from childhood to adolescence and early to middle adulthood, focusing on such well measured developmental factors as high school grades, delinquency, justice system contacts, depressed feelings, and substance use. The overarching thesis is that variable effects of parental imprisonment are experienced by youth transitioning into and through adulthood in American society. The approach is intergenerational in linking imprisoned parents to children; inter-institutional in connecting state punishment policies with local schools; and intersectional in differentiating outcomes along racial/ethnic and gender lines of inequality. The research is concerned with explaining early adult outcomes of inequality, including earnings, employment, financial strain, and perceived relative socio-economic position. The sample is a historically unique cohort of parents and children born during the peak growth years (the 1980s) of mass incarceration and surveyed four times during the expansion of American imprisonment. The project includes the following objectives: (1) develop measures of state punishment to be appended to the Add Health data; (2) test state punishment effects; (3) test school punishment policies and related school effects; and (4) test parental imprisonment effects.