Punishment Regimes and the Multi-Level Effects of Parental Imprisonment: Inter-Institutional, Inter-generational and Inter-sectional Models of Inequality and Exclusion

在美国各地，父母被高水平监禁对子女的影响有何不同？研究还没有系统地用全面和有代表性的全国样本来检查这些影响的差异，以便分析美国各州的差异。这项研究将首次使用一种可以联合检查国家和学校层面的儿童政策的研究设计，来检查母亲和父亲监禁的影响的差异。这项研究将基于1995年以来在国家青少年健康纵向研究[ADD Health]中收集的关于现已成年的青少年的数据。这项研究将应用生命历程理论来检查从儿童到青少年以及从成年早期到成年中期的潜在可修改路径，重点关注高中成绩、犯罪、司法系统接触、抑郁情绪和药物使用等衡量良好的发展因素。最重要的论点是，在美国社会中，进入成年期并经历成年期的年轻人会经历父母监禁的不同影响。在将被监禁的父母与儿童联系起来方面，这种做法是代际的；在将国家惩罚政策与当地学校联系起来方面，在机构间方面；在根据种族/族裔和性别不平等线区分结果方面，这种做法是跨代的。这项研究致力于解释成年人早期的不平等结果，包括收入、就业、经济压力和感知的相对社会经济地位。该样本是历史上独一无二的一组父母和儿童，出生于大规模监禁的高峰期(20世纪80年代)，并在美国扩大监禁期间进行了四次调查。该项目包括以下目标：(1)制定国家惩罚措施，作为补充健康数据的补充；(2)测试国家惩罚效果；(3)测试学校惩罚政策和相关学校效果；(4)测试父母监禁效果。

How do effects of high levels of incarceration of parents on their children vary across the U.S.? Research has not systematically examined variation in these effects with a comprehensive and representative national sample that allows analysis of variation across U.S states. This research will be the first to examine variation in effects of maternal and paternal incarceration using a research design that can jointly examine state and school level policies on children. The research will be based on data gathered since 1995 on adolescents who are now adults in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health [Add Health]. The research will apply a life course theory to examine potentially modifiable pathways from childhood to adolescence and early to middle adulthood, focusing on such well measured developmental factors as high school grades, delinquency, justice system contacts, depressed feelings, and substance use. The overarching thesis is that variable effects of parental imprisonment are experienced by youth transitioning into and through adulthood in American society. The approach is intergenerational in linking imprisoned parents to children; inter-institutional in connecting state punishment policies with local schools; and intersectional in differentiating outcomes along racial/ethnic and gender lines of inequality. The research is concerned with explaining early adult outcomes of inequality, including earnings, employment, financial strain, and perceived relative socio-economic position. The sample is a historically unique cohort of parents and children born during the peak growth years (the 1980s) of mass incarceration and surveyed four times during the expansion of American imprisonment. The project includes the following objectives: (1) develop measures of state punishment to be appended to the Add Health data; (2) test state punishment effects; (3) test school punishment policies and related school effects; and (4) test parental imprisonment effects.