Influences of State Policies and Racialized Parental Incarceration on Youth Justice System Contact and Conflict, Emotional Estrangement and Intergenerational Life Outcomes

大约从1970年到2010年，美国的警察侧写和大规模监禁以前所未有的速度增长。自2010年以来，这一比例有所下降，特别是在非裔美国父母和青少年中，他们因轻微毒品犯罪而被判严重犯罪而入狱的比例过高。经济学家格伦·洛里（Glen Loury）观察到，“黑人”导致了“对黑人有害的错误归因”，而社会学家贝基·佩蒂特（Becky Pettit）和布鲁斯·韦斯特（Bruce Western）则表明，这使得许多非裔美国父母及其子女不成比例地入狱这种反常现象变得“正常”。本研究的重点是父母监禁对儿童的差异结果。研究的重点是年龄在15岁到35岁之间的儿童，使用的数据来自全国青少年和成人健康纵向研究的五波数据。分析集中在(a)父母监禁的各州差异和由此产生的家庭轨迹如何影响他们的孩子，(b)儿童从青年到成年转变的生活经历，以及(c)这些父母和青年经历的差异对以后的生活过程、教育和职业的影响。Add Health数据集提供了独特的可能性，用于评估在最近的大规模监禁时代，在美国各州经历了不同的侧写和惩罚的父母和儿童的生活事件。本研究将分析这个大规模监禁时代的青少年样本，从青春期到成年期。理解州级政策的可变后果需要分析这些州以及收集到的受影响个人的数据，而Add Health数据支持这两种分析。过去，Add Health曾与该研究团队合作，增加了青少年和成人犯罪以及父母及其青少年和年轻成年子女从监狱返回的新措施。目前的研究将扩展这一工作，并独特地制定新的措施，以增加治安和处罚交通违法行为的健康。交通违规行为尤为重要，例如，当它们被争议为“黑人开车”时。对这些措施的分析将具有特别重要的意义，因为它们可以纳入增进健康的更大的多波和国家框架。测量和分析将进一步研究各州和抽样个体的罚款和法庭费用的可变累积如何对持续到成年中期的生活结果产生破坏性影响。上述新增的国家健康数据集也将公开供其他研究人员分析。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

From about 1970 to 2010, police profiling and mass incarceration increased at historically unprecedented rates in America. Since 2010, there have been variable reductions, especially among African-American parents and youth who have been disproportionately imprisoned for minor drug offenses punished as serious crimes. The economist Glen Loury has observed that ‘blackness’ had led to “misattributions detrimental to blacks,” while the sociologists Becky Pettit and Bruce Western has shown that this has made the abnormality of going to prison disproportionately “normal” for many African-American parents and their children. The present study focuses on the results of disparities in parental incarceration on children. The focus is on children from ages of about 15 to 35, using data from five waves of the National Longitudinal of Study Adolescent and Adult Health [Add Heath]. The analysis concentrates on (a) how state variation in parental incarceration and resulting family trajectories affects their children, (b) the unfolding life experiences of child transitions from youth to adulthood, and (c) the later life course educational and occupational consequences of differences in these parental and youth experiences. The Add Health data set offers unique possibilities for assessing unfolding life events of parents and children who have experienced variation in profiling and punishment across American states during the recent era of mass incarceration. This study will analyze this mass incarceration era sample of youth from adolescence into adulthood. Understanding variable consequences of state level policies requires analysis of these states alongside data also collected on the affected individuals, and the Add Health data allow both. In the past, Add Health has worked with this research team to add new measures of youth and adult crime and the return of parents, as well as their adolescent and young adult children, from prison. The current research will extend this work and uniquely develop new measures with Add Health of the policing and punishment of traffic violations. Traffic violations are uniquely important, for example, when they are disputed as resulting from “driving while Black.” Analysis of these measures will be of special importance because they can be embedded within the larger multiple wave and national framework of Add Health. The measurement and analysis will further examine how the variable accumulation across states and the sampled individuals of fines and court costs may have damaging consequences for life outcomes that last into and through middle adulthood. The above additions to the national Add Health data set will be made publicly available for other researchers to analyze as well.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.