RAPID: RUI: Collaborative Research: Rapid Response to Ongoing Tolbachik Eruption

这一快速奖项为对俄罗斯堪察加中部托尔巴克克火山正在进行的大规模喷发做出迅速反应提供了资金。在沉寂了36年后，这座火山于2012年11月27日开始喷发，几乎没有任何预警。在喷发开始的两天内，熔岩流已经移动了近10公里，覆盖了大约14平方公里的面积。火山喷发形成了一系列的煤渣锥体，为熔岩流提供养分，在撰写本文时，熔岩流在火山贫瘠的山坡上延伸了近20公里，一直延伸到白雪覆盖的森林。研究人员将加入一个国际火山学家团队，他们正在监测正在进行的活动，并将重点放在火山喷发的两个重要方面：(1)熔岩与冰雪的相互作用，以及(2)喷发熔岩成分及其结晶物质的时间变化。这两个话题都对提高我们对火山喷发的理解是及时的。更定量地了解熔岩流如何与冰雪相互作用，对于评估冰雪覆盖的火山的危害以及提高我们识别熔岩-雪相互作用形成的古代沉积物的能力至关重要。在野外几乎没有任何定量研究试图量化从熔岩到雪或冰的热传递；这需要在通过雪/冰为主的环境中传播的活跃熔岩流的前沿直接进行现场测量。虽然这些条件是非常短暂的，但它们现在出现在托尔巴奇克，因为它们是在周围的大部分景观被季节性雪覆盖后开始喷发的，这创造了一个独特的机会来测量熔岩和雪/冰之间的热传递，并为它们之间的相互作用的实验和理论建模提供了更准确的约束。更好地了解熔岩是如何迅速融化冰雪的，对于确定冰雪覆盖的火山周围的危险区域非常重要。喀斯喀特中的雷尼尔。同样，在熔岩和火山灰喷发期间和喷发后立即收集岩浆和火山灰样本也很重要，因为：(1)可以明确地确定它们的幼年来源；(2)可以准确地知道它们喷发的时间。这些特征对于利用一系列喷发产物观察喷发序列中的成分趋势以及识别触发和当前驱动托尔巴奇克火山喷发的岩浆过程至关重要。这一快速奖励将允许在喷发产品被火山灰或后来的熔岩流掩埋之前对其进行采样。

This RAPID award funds a prompt response to the ongoing, massive eruption of Tolbachik volcano, central Kamchatka, Russia, which started with little warning on November 27, 2012, after 36 years of quiescence. Within two days of the eruption onset the lava flows had already traveled nearly 10 km, covering an area of ~14 km2. The eruption has formed a series of cinder cones that feed lava flows, which at the time of this writing extend for nearly 20 km over the barren slopes of the volcano down into snow-covered forests. The investigators will join an international team of volcanologists who are monitoring the ongoing activity, and will focus on two important aspects of the eruption: (1) interaction of lava with snow and ice, and (2) temporal variations of the composition of erupted lavas and their crystal cargo.Both of these topics are timely for improving our understanding of volcanic eruptions. Gaining a more quantitative understanding of how lava flows interact with snow and ice is critical for assessing hazards at snow and ice covered volcanoes and for improving our ability to recognize ancient deposits formed by lava-snow interactions. Few if any quantitative studies have been attempted in the field to quantify heat transfer from lava to snow or ice; this requires direct field measurements at the front of an active lava flow propagating through the snow/ice-dominating environment. While these conditions are highly ephemeral, they are now present at Tolbachik as the eruption began after much of the surrounding landscape had been covered by seasonal snow, which has created a unique opportunity to measure heat transfer between lava and snow/ice and provide more accurate constraints for experimental and theoretical modeling of their interaction. Having a better understanding of how lava flows rapidly melt snow and ice is important for identifying hazardous areas around snow and ice-covered volcanoes such as Mt. Rainier in the Cascades. Similarly, collection of lava and ash samples during and immediately after their eruption is important because: (i) their juvenile origin can be established unequivocally and (ii) their time of eruption is known precisely. These characteristics are critical for using a series of erupted products to observe compositional trends in the eruptive sequence and to identify magma processes that triggered and currently drive the eruption at Tolbachik. This RAPID award will allow sampling of the eruptive products before they are buried by ash or later lava flows.