Collaborative Research: Ice Forcing in Arc Magma Plumbing Systems (IF-AMPS)

该奖项全部或部分由2021年美国救援计划法案（公法117-2）资助。地球科学前沿的一个问题是：地球表面气候系统的变化如何与其内部的岩浆库相互作用？我们将进行实地观察，实验室测量和数值模型模拟的新组合，综合研究冰川和地形变化之间的联系，以及过去5万年来智利几座活火山的行为。这些火山部分被3,000英尺厚的巴塔哥尼亚冰盖覆盖，直到18,000年前开始迅速融化。这个天然实验室提供了无与伦比的手段来研究冰的快速流失如何影响这些火山的喷发成分和速率。这个项目将为几个博士生提供职业生涯建设的经验。一个火山冰夏季项目将吸引来自美国和智利代表性不足的团体的技校学生参加实地和实验室经验，包括无人机技术的数据收集和地质测绘培训。我们与智利科学家和教育工作者的合作旨在：（1）加强对南美洲几个最危险的火山的增长率和喷发历史的了解，从而改善灾害评估，（2）生成新的气候代用数据，这些数据对校准我们的冰盖退缩数值模型至关重要，（3）培训来自这些火山附近社区的学生。利用新的和现有的地质年代学，地球化学，冰川和侵蚀/沉积观测安第斯南部火山带内，我们的目标是耦合一套数值模型来测试和完善三个假设：（1）在短时间尺度（10万年），火山喷发的组成，体积和时间强烈影响气候驱动的变化表面负荷。这些短期反应调节了长期反应，（2）与18，000年前快速冰消和侵蚀的局部开始相关的地壳应力变化通过增强挥发性出溶作用促进了喷发，挥发性出溶作用反过来又对储存的岩浆加压并推动岩墙向地表扩展，（3）对快速卸荷的反应因火山而异，反映了储存岩浆的成分、挥发物含量和压缩性的差异，以及地壳储层从深部重新充注的速率。这种变化可以用来揭示冰川弧对气候系统敏感性的基本控制。为了研究这些假设，我们将追求四个目标：（1）在过去约50 000年中，沿俯冲带沿着250公里，生成六座火山的火山锥生长、喷发行为和地球化学演化的高分辨率记录，（2）由于六座火山附近沉积物的侵蚀、搬运和沉积，建立冰退缩和景观演化的新记录，（3）利用在火山、气候和地形记录中观察到的化学和物理模式来限制地壳负荷，并在数值模型中探索这种强迫的影响，以及（4）整合研究结果，将大陆环境中的过程联系起来，并提供了一个框架，用于研究弧火山活动对其他地方和整个地球气候状态的外部强迫的敏感性该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

This award is funded in whole or in part under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (Public Law 117-2).A question at the frontier of Earth science is: how do changes in the climate system on our planet's surface interact with magma reservoirs housed within its interior? We will conduct a novel blend of field observations, lab measurements, and numerical model simulations in an integrated study of links between changes in glaciers and topography, and the behavior of several active volcanoes in Chile during the last 50,000 years. These volcanoes were partly covered by the 3,000 foot thick Patagonian ice sheet until it melted rapidly beginning 18,000 years ago. This natural laboratory offers unparalleled means to investigate how the rapid loss of ice impacted the composition and rates of eruptions from these volcanoes. This project will provide career-building experience for several PhD students. A volcano & ice Summer program will engage technical school students from underrepresented groups in the US and Chile in field- and lab-based experiences, including training in drone technology for data collection and geologic mapping. Our collaborations with Chilean scientists and educators aim to: (1) enhance knowledge of the growth rates and eruptive histories of several of the most dangerous volcanoes in South America, thereby improving hazard assessment, (2) generate new climate proxy data critical to calibrating our numerical model of ice sheet retreat, and (3) train students from the communities living near these volcanoes. Utilizing new and existing geochronologic, geochemical, glacial and erosion/deposition observations within the Andean Southern Volcanic Zone, we aim to couple a suite of numerical models to test and refine three hypotheses: (1) Over short timescales (100,000 year), the composition, volume, and timing of eruptions are strongly influenced by climate-driven changes in surface loading. These short-term responses modulate the long-term (100,000 year) average eruptive characteristics, which are governed by mantle melt flux, (2) Crustal stress changes associated with the local onset of rapid deglaciation and erosion at 18,000 years ago promoted eruptions by enhancing volatile exsolution that in turn pressurized stored magma and propelled dike propagation to the surface, and (3) Responses to rapid unloading will vary among volcanoes, reflecting contrasts in the composition, volatile contents, and compressibility of stored magma, as well as the rate at which crustal reservoirs are recharged from depth. This variability can be exploited to reveal fundamental controls on the sensitivity of glaciated arcs to the climate system. To investigate these hypotheses, we will pursue four objectives: (1) Generate high-resolution records of cone growth, eruptive behavior, and geochemical evolution of six volcanoes during the last ~50,000 years spanning 250 km along the subduction zone, (2) Build new records of ice retreat, and landscape evolution owing to the erosion, transport, and deposition of sediment adjacent to the six volcanoes, (3) Use the observed chemical and physical patterns in the volcanic, climatic, and topographic records to constrain crustal loading through time, and explore the effects of this forcing in numerical models, and (4) Integrate findings to contextualize processes in continental settings, and provide a framework for examining the sensitivity of arc volcanism to external forcing elsewhere and across a spectrum of climate states throughout Earth history.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.