Hydro-Mechanics of Fluid-Induced Seismicity in the Context of the Green-Energy Transition

绿色能源转型背景下流体诱发地震的流体力学

• 批准号: NE/W009609/1
• 负责人: Benjamin Edwards
• 金额: $ 112.83万
• 依托单位: University of Liverpool
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FW009609%2F1
• 关键词: Hydro; Mechanics; Fluid; Induced; Seismicity

Green-energy transition technologies such as carbon storage, geothermal energy extraction, hydrogen storage, and compressed-air energy storage, all rely to some extent on subsurface injection or extraction of fluids. This process of injection and retrieval is well known to industry, as it has been performed all over the world, for decades.Fluid injection processes create mechanical disturbances in the subsurface, leading to local or regional displacements that may result in tremors. In the vast majority of cases, these tremors are imperceptible to humans, and have no effect on engineered structures. Nonetheless, in recent years, low magnitude induced seismic events have had profound consequences on the social acceptance of subsurface technologies, including the halting of natural gas production at the Groningen field in the Netherlands, halting of carbon storage experiments in Spain, halting of geothermal energy projects in Switzerland, and the moratorium on UK onshore gas extraction. In light of the seismic events of increasing severity recently measured during geothermal mining in Cornwall, the need to develop a rigorous fundamental understanding of induced seismicity is clear, significant, and timely, in order to prevent induced seismicity from jeopardising the ability to effectively develop the green energy transition.Most mathematical models that are used to predict and understand tremors rely on past observations of natural tremors and earthquakes. However, fluid-driven displacement in the subsurface is a controlled event, in which the properties of the injected fluids and the conditions of injection can be adjusted and optimised to avoid large events from happening. This project aims to develop a fundamental understanding of how the conditions of subsurface rocks, and the way in which fluid is injected in these rocks, affect the amount of seismicity that may be produced.We will analyse in detail the behaviour of fluid-driven seismic events, and will develop a physically realistic model based on computer simulations, novel laboratory experiments, and comprehensive field observations. Our model will characterise the relationships between specific subsurface properties, the nature of the fluid injection, and the severity of the seismic event. These findings will be linked to hazard analysis, to identify the conditions under which processes such as carbon storage, deep geothermal energy extraction, and compressed-air energy storage, are more or less likely to create tremors. We will also investigate how to best share our scientific findings with regulators and the general public, so as to maximise the impact of this work.This project will lead to an improved understanding of the processes and conditions that underpin the severity of induced seismic events, with a vision of developing strategies that will improve our ability to prevent and control these events. This project will also provide the scientific basis to improve precision and cost-effectiveness of scientific instruments that are used to monitor the subsurface, so that we can identify tremors as they occur, and better interpret what is causing them as we observe them.In the short term, we need to develop these models so that regulators and decision-makers can develop policies based on scientific evidence, using a variety of analysis tools that inter-validate each other, thereby ensuring that their predictions are robust. This is an important step in supporting the ability of developing a resilient, diversified, sustainable, and environmentally responsible energy security strategy for the UK.In the long term, by creating confidence in the understanding of these subsurface events, and demonstrating evidence of our ability to control them, we will lead the UK into an era where humans understand why certain seismic events have occurred, allowing them to potentially develop mechanisms to forecast their occurrence, and reduce their severity.

绿色能源转换技术，如碳储存、地热能提取、氢储存和压缩空气储能，都在一定程度上依赖于地下注入或提取流体。这种注入和回收的过程是工业界所熟知的，因为它已经在世界各地进行了几十年。流体注入过程在地下产生机械扰动，导致局部或区域位移，这可能导致震颤。在绝大多数情况下，这些震动是人类无法察觉的，对工程结构没有影响。尽管如此，近年来，低震级诱发的地震事件对地下技术的社会接受度产生了深远的影响，包括荷兰格罗宁根油田天然气生产的停止，西班牙碳储存实验的停止，瑞士地热能项目的停止，以及英国陆上天然气开采的暂停。鉴于最近在康沃尔地热开采期间测量到的日益严重的地震事件，对诱发地震活动性进行严格的基本了解的必要性是明确的、重要的和及时的，为了防止诱发的地震活动危及有效发展绿色能量转换的能力。大多数用于预测和理解地震的数学模型依赖于过去对自然地震的观测，地震然而，地下的流体驱动位移是受控事件，其中注入流体的性质和注入条件可以被调整和优化以避免大事件发生。该项目旨在对地下岩石的条件以及流体注入这些岩石的方式如何影响可能产生的地震活动量进行基本了解。我们将详细分析流体驱动的地震事件的行为，并将基于计算机模拟，新颖的实验室实验和全面的现场观察开发物理现实模型。我们的模型将描述特定地下性质、流体注入性质和地震事件严重性之间的关系。这些发现将与危害分析联系起来，以确定碳储存、深层地热能开采和压缩空气储能等过程或多或少可能产生震颤的条件。我们还将研究如何最好地与监管机构和公众分享我们的科学发现，以最大限度地发挥这项工作的影响。该项目将导致更好地了解诱发地震事件严重性的过程和条件，并制定战略，提高我们预防和控制这些事件的能力。该项目还将提供科学基础，以提高用于监测地下的科学仪器的精度和成本效益，以便我们能够在地震发生时识别地震，并在我们观察到地震时更好地解释地震的原因。短期内，我们需要开发这些模型，以便监管机构和决策者能够根据科学证据制定政策，使用各种相互验证的分析工具，从而确保他们的预测是稳健的。这是支持英国制定弹性，多样化，可持续和环保能源安全战略的重要一步。从长远来看，通过建立对这些地下事件的理解的信心，并展示我们控制它们的能力，我们将带领英国进入一个人类理解为什么某些地震事件发生的时代，使它们能够潜在地开发出预测其发生并降低其严重性的机制。