Antecedents and Consequences of Cross-Race Friendships in Early and Middle Childhood

幼儿和中期跨种族友谊的前因和后果

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    1514233
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    $ 20.2万
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    美国
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
  • 财政年份:
    2015
  • 资助国家:
    美国
  • 起止时间:
    2015-08-01 至 2017-07-31
  • 项目状态:
    已结题

项目摘要

The Directorate of Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences offers postdoctoral research fellowships to provide opportunities for recent doctoral graduates to obtain additional training, to gain research experience under the sponsorship of established scientists, and to broaden their scientific horizons beyond their undergraduate and graduate training. Postdoctoral fellowships are further designed to assist new scientists to direct their research efforts across traditional disciplinary lines and to avail themselves of unique research resources, sites, and facilities, including at foreign locations. This postdoctoral fellowship (under the "Broadening Participation" track of the SBE postdoctoral fellowships program) trains a young scientist exploring the effects of cross-race friendships in early and middle childhood. Despite its history of civil right progress, the U.S. continues to be plagued by racial inequalities, racial discrimination, and racial tensions. Finding solutions to these problems is critical to the country's social and economic wellbeing and will require cross-race cooperation based on trust, respect, and goodwill. Fostering cross-race friendships among youth is likely to facilitate cooperative work toward racial equality and justice. Past research has shown that cross-race friendships reduce negative racial attitudes. More positive racial attitudes and interracial interactions may, in turn, reduce the future prevalence of discrimination, which is linked to negative physical and mental health outcomes. Studying ways to encourage the frequency and quality of cross-race friendships in childhood may provide educators, parents, and policy-makers with effective methods of encouraging positive racial attitudes and openness to cross-race friendships at a point in development during which such attitudes are flexible. Given that the prevalence of cross-race friendships decreases across childhood (Aboud, Mendelson, & Purdy, 2003), the proposed work aims to understand the formation and function of cross-race friendships in early and middle childhood among youth from diverse racial backgrounds.The specific aims of the two proposed studies are to: (1) understand the ways in which parents' and children's attitudes and behaviors predict children's willingness to initiate cross-race interaction and the nature of such interactions, (2) identify qualities of cross-race interactions that promote cross-race friendships, and (3) explore whether cross-race friendships uniquely and causally predict improvement in racial attitudes over and above other types of cross-race contact. The first study explores whether children's endorsement of racial stereotypes and their beliefs regarding whether individuals of different racial groups are different in underlying structural and fundamental ways (i.e., racial essentialism) relate to their willingness to adopt, and their treatment of, cross-race versus same-race pen pals. This study also examines whether parental characteristics, including their valuing of diversity, the messages that they send their children about race, and the racial diversity of their neighborhoods and social networks predict children's pen pal selection and behavior. The second study extends the first by using an experimental methodology to examine the causal effects of children?s cross-race interactions and friendships on their racial attitudes (i.e., stereotypes and essentialist views). Same and cross-race dyads are brought into a lab setting and randomly assigned to interact under conditions of: (1) mere contact, (2) academic cooperation, and (3) friendship induction. This study examines whether these contextual manipulations lead to friendship formation, and in turn, a reduction in racial stereotyping and racially essentialist attitudes. These studies extend the current understanding of the nature and benefits of cross-race friendships in childhood in three ways. First, study 1 examines the antecedents of children's willingness to befriend and behave positively toward cross-race individuals rather than focusing on how cross-race friendships predict attitudes, as has been the focus of much previous work. Second, instead of relying solely on correlational associations, study 2 explores the causal links between cross-race friendships and racial attitudes. Finally, both studies extend previous work by exploring the formation and benefits of cross-race friendships among a diverse population, including African American, Latino, and White children.
社会、行为和经济科学局提供博士后研究奖学金,为新近毕业的博士毕业生提供获得额外培训的机会,在知名科学家的赞助下获得研究经验,并在本科生和研究生培训之外拓宽他们的科学视野。博士后奖学金的进一步设计是为了帮助新科学家引导他们的研究努力跨越传统的学科界限,并利用独特的研究资源、地点和设施,包括在国外。这一博士后奖学金(在SBE博士后奖学金计划的“扩大参与”轨道下)培养了一位年轻的科学家,他探索儿童早期和中期跨种族友谊的影响。尽管美国有民权进步的历史,但它仍然受到种族不平等、种族歧视和种族紧张的困扰。找到这些问题的解决方案对该国的社会和经济福祉至关重要,需要建立在信任、尊重和善意基础上的跨种族合作。在年轻人中培养跨种族的友谊可能会促进朝着种族平等和正义的合作努力。过去的研究表明,跨种族的友谊会减少负面的种族态度。更积极的种族态度和种族间互动反过来可能会减少未来的歧视盛行率,这与消极的身心健康结果有关。研究如何鼓励儿童跨种族友谊的频率和质量,可能会为教育工作者、家长和政策制定者提供有效的方法,鼓励积极的种族态度,并在态度灵活的发展阶段对跨种族友谊持开放态度。鉴于跨种族友谊的流行率在整个童年时期都有所下降(Aboud,Mendelson&Amp;这两项研究的具体目的是:(1)了解父母和孩子的态度和行为如何预测儿童发起跨种族互动的意愿和这种互动的性质;(2)确定促进跨种族友谊的跨种族互动的品质;(3)探索跨种族友谊是否唯一和因果地预测种族态度的改善,而不是其他类型的跨种族接触。第一项研究探讨了儿童对种族刻板印象的认可及其关于不同种族群体的个人在潜在的结构和基本方面是否不同(即种族本质主义)的信念是否与他们愿意收养跨种族笔友以及他们对跨种族笔友的对待有关。这项研究还考察了父母的特征,包括他们对多样性的重视,他们向孩子发送的关于种族的信息,以及他们所在社区和社交网络的种族多样性是否可以预测孩子的笔友选择和行为。第二项研究扩展了第一项研究,使用实验方法考察了儿童S跨种族互动和友谊对他们的种族态度(即刻板印象和本质主义观点)的因果效应。相同的和跨种族的二元体被带到实验室环境中,并被随机分配到以下条件下进行互动:(1)单纯接触,(2)学术合作,(3)友谊诱导。这项研究考察了这些背景操纵是否导致了友谊的形成,进而减少了种族刻板印象和种族本质主义态度。这些研究从三个方面扩展了目前对童年跨种族友谊的本质和益处的理解。首先,研究1考察了儿童愿意与跨种族的人交朋友并表现出积极行为的前因,而不是像之前许多研究的重点那样,专注于跨种族的友谊如何预测态度。其次,研究2不是仅仅依赖于相关联系,而是探索跨种族友谊和种族态度之间的因果联系。最后,这两项研究都通过探索不同人群之间跨种族友谊的形成和好处来扩展先前的工作,其中包括非裔美国人、拉丁裔和白人儿童。

项目成果

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Amber Williams其他文献

Building Capacity for Collective Possibilities: Reimagining Research Teams in Higher Education
建设集体可能性的能力:重新构想高等教育研究团队
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    2023
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    3.1
  • 作者:
    Rosemary J. Perez;Angie Kim;Amber Williams;Raúl Gámez;Jarett D. Haley;Christian Feliciano
  • 通讯作者:
    Christian Feliciano
Children’s and Adults’ Predictions of Black, White, and Multiracial Friendship Patterns
儿童和成人对黑人、白人和多种族友谊模式的预测
  • DOI:
    10.1080/15248372.2016.1262374
  • 发表时间:
    2017
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    2.1
  • 作者:
    Steven O. Roberts;Amber Williams;S. Gelman
  • 通讯作者:
    S. Gelman
Academic Identity: A Longitudinal Investigation of African American Adolescents’ Academic Persistence
学术认同:非裔美国青少年学术坚持的纵向调查
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    2017
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Sheretta T. Butler;Fatima A Varner;Amber Williams;R. Sellers
  • 通讯作者:
    R. Sellers
Framing black boys: parent, teacher, and student narratives of the academic lives of black boys.
塑造黑人男孩:家长、老师和学生对黑人男孩学术生活的叙述。
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    2014
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Stephanie J. Rowley;Latisha Ross;Fantasy T. Lozada;Amber Williams;Adrian Gale;Beth Kurtz
  • 通讯作者:
    Beth Kurtz
Strategies for Enhancing Governmental Public Health Workforce Well-being and Retention
增强政府公共卫生人员福祉和保留的策略

Amber Williams的其他文献

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