Dietary Properties and Chewing Patterns in Primates: An Analysis of Cyclical Loading

灵长类动物的饮食特性和咀嚼模式：循环负荷分析

• 批准号: 1555168
• 负责人: Matthew Ravosa
• 金额: $ 32.78万
• 依托单位: University of Notre Dame
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-03-01 至 2018-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1555168&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Dietary; Properties; Chewing; Patterns; Primates

This project investigates relationships between diet and chewing behaviors in primates, to improve our understanding of the evolution and variation in primate and hominin feeding behaviors. The investigators will measure chewing patterns in 23 primate species that are given foods spanning a range of material properties, to see how individuals in each species process the different foods and how this processing relates to the shape of their jaw and skull. These comparative data will be important not only for framing ecological research in living primate species, but for reconstructing diet and feeding behaviors in extinct primate and hominin species based on fossil jaws and skulls. The project will foster interdisciplinary approaches to training and education involving members of under-represented groups, and will support training and mentorship of a postdoctoral fellow, graduate students and undergraduates as well as local STEM teachers and students, all of whom will participate in lab apprenticeship, scientific presentations and public outreach to local institutions and the lay public. Therefore, another benefit to society includes development of a novel training environment for the next generation of academic researchers and educators.Phenotypic variation in the primate skull is influenced by masticatory stress, with taxa relying on stiff or tough foods having specialized jaws, teeth and jaw muscles. However, the link between diet and jaw form in living and fossil primates is poorly understood. Difficulty understanding adaptive diversity in the feeding apparatus is due to two shortcomings of the evidence about diet-related chewing and loading behaviors. The first is the fact that infrequent, high-magnitude forces elicit the same physiological and evolutionary responses in bone as do low-magnitude, cyclical loads. In the skull, a second and related issue is a surprisingly incomplete knowledge of the role of food properties on variation in chewing behaviors that underlie load-related variation in primate jaw form. Given the ubiquity with which cyclical loading is invoked to explain jaw robusticity in fossil hominins, the remarkable lack of key behavioral data on this chewing pattern cannot be overstated. Using in vivo data on 23 representative primate species kept in domestic institutions, this project tests the hypothesis that food material properties affect masticatory parameters underlying variation in cyclical loading of primate jaws: chewing frequency, chewing investment, and chewing duration. High-speed video will record dynamic diet-related chewing patterns in isolated and unrestrained adult primates presented a known mass of five foods that span a range of material properties paralleling the diversity of values for items ingested by wild primates. Intra- and interspecific analyses will compare chewing parameters with food stiffness, toughness, and respective oral fragmentation indices. Due to its experimental and comparative focus, this in vivo research is likely to inform theoretical and methodological advances in biological anthropology and other organismal and biomedical fields.

该项目调查了灵长类动物中饮食与咀嚼行为之间的关系，以提高我们对灵长类动物和人类喂养行为的演变和变化的理解。研究人员将测量23种灵长类动物中的咀嚼模式，这些种类属于涵盖一系列材料特性的食物，以了解每个物种中的个体如何处理不同的食物以及这种加工如何与颌骨和头骨的形状相关。这些比较数据不仅对于基于化石颌骨和头骨的灭绝灵长类动物和人类种类的饮食和喂养行为的重建饮食和喂养行为都将很重要。该项目将促进培训和教育的跨学科方法，以涉及不足的人群的成员，并将支持博士后研究员，研究生和本科生以及当地的STEM老师和学生的培训和指导，他们将参与实验室学徒，科学介绍，向当地机构和公共机构和公共场所和公共公共场所和公共公共场所。 因此，对社会的另一个好处包括为下一代学术研究人员和教育工作者开发新的培训环境。灵长类动物头骨的表型变化受咀嚼压力的影响，分类群依靠具有专门的颌骨，牙齿和颌骨的僵硬或坚硬的食物。 但是，对生活和化石灵长类动物的饮食与下颌形式之间的联系知之甚少。 很难理解喂养设备中的自适应多样性是由于两个关于饮食相关咀嚼和负载行为的证据的缺点。首先是一个事实，即不频繁的高稳定力引起骨骼中与低稳态的骨骼相同的生理和进化反应。 在头骨中，第二个且相关的问题是对食物特性对咀嚼行为变化的作用的不完整知识，而咀嚼行为的变化是灵长类的下颌形式差异的基础。 鉴于引用周期性负载的普遍性来解释化石人本质中的下颌鲁棒性，因此在这种咀嚼模式上显着缺乏关键的行为数据不能被夸大。 该项目使用在国内机构中保存的23种代表性灵长类动物的体内数据，检验了以下假设：食品材料特性会影响灵长类颌骨周期性载荷的咀嚼参数：咀嚼频率，咀嚼投资和咀嚼持续时间。 高速视频将在孤立和不受约束的成年灵长类动物中记录与动态饮食相关的咀嚼模式，这些图案呈现出已知的五种食物，这些食物跨越了一系列材料特性，这些材料特性与野生灵长类动物摄入的物品的价值多样性相似。 种间分析和种间分析将将咀嚼参数与食物刚度，韧性和各自的口服碎片指数进行比较。 由于其实验和比较的重点，这项体内研究可能会为生物人类学以及其他有机体和生物医学领域的理论和方法学进步提供依据。