Collaborative Research: Multifunctional Structural Panel for Energy Efficiency and Multi-Hazards Mitigation

在美国，建筑行业约占一次能源消耗和二氧化碳排放的40%，轻结构的建造导致更高的灵活性，从而增加风引起的振动，这可能会造成不适和频繁的不可用。研究能够提高能源效率和保持可用性的替代结构技术是至关重要的。本研究将传统的结构承重板重新思考为多功能组件，以产生多重效益：(1)显著提高建筑的能源效率；(2)实现可再生能源的高效利用；（三）为电网提供运行备用辅助服务；(4)将现场可再生能源发电（如太阳能和风能）与储能相结合；(5)减轻自然灾害，保证使用能力。具有环保意识和弹性的建筑的潜在社会影响是巨大的。教育和推广计划将包括：(1)通过开发教学模块和专题讲座，将研究融入本科课堂；(2)对高中学生和教师进行建筑能源主题的教育，并通过直接参与研究项目的方式对本科生进行教学和培训；(3)利用两家研究机构的资源，扩大代表性不足群体的参与。基础知识的进步将使创建多功能面板成为可能：(1)研究如何将相变材料（PCMs）集成到建筑材料（混凝土）中，而不会显著改变结构强度；(2)研究在结构面板内结合PCM和毛细管系统的协同作用，以显着提高储能和减振能力；(3)研究多功能面板的集成，以消除管道系统和传热终端，支持具有高可用可再生能源渗透率的电网系统，并通过惯性消散振动。研究任务将围绕三个假设展开。(1)采用低成本、高导热的空心粉煤灰颗粒将pcm通过微胶囊化的方式融入混凝土中，增强了pcm的储热能力，且对强度没有明显的不利影响。(2)将PCM与毛细管系统结合到混凝土结构板中，可以通过放大PCM的储能效率和直接利用低品位能源（如地下水）来平衡供需，从而显著提高能源性能。(3)嵌入在结构面板中的毛细管系统可以通过一系列控制阀加以利用，以提供对大挠度和振动的振动缓解能力。

The building sector in the United States is responsible for approximately 40 percent of the primary energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission, and the construction of lighter structures results in higher flexibility, thereby increasing wind-induced vibrations, which may create discomfort and frequent inoperability. It is critical to investigate alternative structural technologies capable of improving energy efficiency and maintaining serviceability. This study re-thinks conventional structural load bearing panels into multifunctional components to generate multiple benefits: (1) significantly increasing the energy efficiency of the building; (2) enabling high efficiency use of the renewable energy; (3) providing ancillary services of operation reserve to the power grid; (4) paring onsite renewable generation (e.g., solar and wind) with energy storage; (5) mitigating natural hazards to ensure serviceability. The potential societal impacts of the environmental-conscious and resilient building are substantial. The education and outreach plan will consist of: (1) integrating research within the undergraduate classrooms through the development of teaching modules and special topics lectures; (2) educating high school students and teachers on the topic of building energy, and teaching and training undergraduate students by directly involving them in the research project; and (3) broadening the participation of under-represented groups by leveraging resources at both research institutions. Advances in fundamental knowledge will enable to create a multifunctional panel: (1) investigating how Phase Change Materials (PCMs) can be integrated into construction materials (concrete) without significantly altering structural strength; (2) investigating the synergy of combining PCM and a capillary system within a structural panel to significantly enhance energy storage and vibration mitigation capabilities; (3) studying the integration of the multifunctional panel to eliminate ductwork and heat transfer terminals, support a power grid system with high penetrations of as-available renewable energy sources, and dissipate vibrations through inertia. Research tasks will be centered around three hypotheses. (1) PCMs can be integrated into concrete through microencapsulation using low-cost and highly thermal-conductive hollow fly ash particles to enhance the thermal energy storage capacity without significant adverse effect on strength. (2) The synergy of combining PCM and a capillary system into a concrete structural panel can significantly enhance the energy performance by amplifying the efficiency of the energy storage of PCM and directly using low-grade energy, such as ground water, to balance supply and demand. (3) A capillary system embedded in a structural panel can be leveraged through a series of controlled valves to provide vibration mitigation capabilities versus large deflections and vibrations.