Theory and Application of Takt-time Planning in Project-based Production

规划和交付建筑-工程-施工（AEC）项目需要一个新的概念，因为今天的方法往往失败：项目迟到，超出预算，容易发生事故。这给公共和私人设施所有者、其他利益攸关方和整个社会造成了不适当的负担。失败的根源在于所使用的规划方法不适当，特别是那些过分注重最大限度地利用资源而忽视网络效应和可变性的系统影响的方法。本研究提出了一种基于节拍时间的方法。节拍是指工作进行的节拍;它被成功地用于重复性制造（例如，精益生产）。在AEC项目生产中使用节拍时间是新颖的。该方法已经过试点，很有前途，但必须进行正式研究。该奖项支持基础研究，涉及设计，分析和测试原则，方法和计算优化工具的节拍时间规划（TTP）。这种方法的目的是在总成本限制内优化项目交付速度，并提供一种持续改进的机制。对TTP方法在提高项目交付绩效方面的潜在用途的调查将推进项目生产理论。一旦制定、理解和记录了新的计划模型，它的使用将提高项目交付的可靠性，从而使所有利益相关者受益。在科学，技术，工程和数学方面代表性不足的学生将参与这项研究。研究结果将被纳入工程课程，并传播到行业，以促进使用更系统的方法来规划和交付facility.Existing规划模型的重点是最大限度地提高资源利用率（点速度）和缓冲的不确定性使用时间（调度缓冲），这是在牺牲吞吐量。本研究将现有规划方法中使用的范式转换为关注整体项目交付绩效和容量缓冲的范式。规划使用能力意味着明智地将生产资源（如劳动力和设备）的负荷降低到低于100%的利用率，以便它们具有备用能力，可以轻松减轻变化的负面影响，从而避免系统范围的影响。因此，一种新的方法，项目规划将设计和开发，基于节拍时间的概念。将创建计算机算法，以自动确定区域和相应的节拍时间，适合项目交付各个阶段的特点。它们的最优性和鲁棒性将使用建筑信息模型（BIM）和离散事件模拟来建立。与TTP的虚拟研究并行，该方法将部署在实际项目中，以揭示成功部署所必须解决的社会技术系统特征。从实际项目中学习将反过来为算法的进一步改进提供信息。

A new conceptualization for planning and delivering Architecture-Engineering-Construction (AEC) projects is needed because today's approaches all too often fail: projects are late, over budget, and accident prone. This unduly burdens public and private facility owners, other stakeholders, and society at large. Failure stems from the inadequacy of the planning methods being used, especially those that focus disproportionately on maximizing resource utilization while ignoring network effects and the systemic impacts of variability. This research counterposes a method based on Takt time. Takt refers to the beat with which work progresses; it is being used successfully in repetitive manufacturing (e.g., Lean Production). The use of Takt time in AEC project production is novel. The method has been piloted and is promising, but must be formally studied. This award supports fundamental research that involves designing, analyzing, and testing principles, methods, and computational optimization tools for Takt time planning (TTP). The objective of this method is to optimize project delivery speed within total cost limits, and to provide a mechanism for continuous improvement. Investigation of the potential uses of the TTP method to improve project delivery performance will advance the theory of project production. Use of the new planning model, once formulated, understood, and documented, will increase the reliability with which projects get delivered, to the benefit of all stakeholders. Students underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics will be engaged in conducting this research. Research findings will be integrated into engineering curricula and disseminated to industry to promote the use of more systemic methods for planning and delivering facilities.Existing planning models focus on maximizing resource utilization (point speed) and buffer for uncertainty using time (schedule buffers), which comes at the expense of throughput. This research flips the paradigm used in existing planning methods to one that focuses on overall project delivery performance and buffers with capacity. Planning using capacity means judiciously under-loading production resources, such as labor and equipment, to less than 100% utilization, so that they will have stand-by capacity to readily mitigate negative impacts of variation, thereby avoiding system-wide repercussions. Accordingly, a novel method for project planning will be designed and developed, based on the concept of Takt time. Computer algorithms will be created to automate the determination of zones and corresponding Takt times, suited to characteristics of various phases of project delivery. Their optimality and robustness will be established using Building Information Modeling (BIM) and discrete-event simulation. In parallel with the virtual study of TTP, the method will be deployed on actual projects so as to reveal socio-technical system characteristics that must be addressed for its successful deployment. Learning from actual projects will in turn inform further refinement of algorithms.