The Development of a New Instructional Approach to Teach Engineering in Middle School Science Classrooms

中学理科课堂工科教学新方法的开发这个项目有两个总体目标。第一个目标是创造一种新的教学方法，中学科学教师可以用来教授工程设计过程。第二个目标是学习更多关于中学生如何提出、支持、批评和修改设计解决方案的知识。这个项目将导致新的发现，关于中学生如何学习工程设计过程，他们如何提出、支持、评论和修改工程设计，以及不同方面的教学如何支持或限制中学生在从事工程设计过程时使用学科核心思想和交叉概念。该项目将直接影响四名教师和大约1000名学生的不同群体。一旦这种教学模式被开发出来，它就有可能被全美的教师所采用。这种新的教学方法将使科学教师能够按照下一代科学标准的规定，将工程概念和实践融入任何中学科学课程--而不需要采用或购买全新的课程。此外，该项目有可能提高人们对工程学领域的兴趣，并扩大妇女和少数群体对工程学的参与。下一代科学标准(NGSS)呼吁中学科学教师将工程设计纳入他们的课程，这样所有的学生都可以学习使用核心思想、交叉概念和工程实践来解决问题。该项目采用设计与研究相结合的方法。项目团队将基于一种名为参数驱动工程(ADE)的新教学模式开发、实施和修改4项原型工程设计任务(EDT)。将通过对定量和定性数据的分析，对教学模型和EDTS进行迭代改进。该项目将产生和验证与工程设计有关的做法的新评估，称为基于情景的设计评估(SAD)。SAD将进行三次(前、中、后)，以跟踪学生知识和技能随时间的变化。定性数据，包括EDT的视频数据和学生人工制品的收集，将使用迭代内容分析进行分析。本研究项目还将在以下方面得出新的发现：a)中学生如何提出、支持、批评和修改工程设计；b)这些技能的模式如何随着时间的推移而变化；c)哪些教学特征支持或制约了工程设计过程的学习。结果将被用来改进ADE模型，以便将工程设计融入课堂的教师可以有效地使用它。

The Development of a New Instructional Approach to Teach Engineering in Middle School Science ClassroomsThis project has two overall goals. The first goal is to create a new instructional approach that middle school science teachers can use to teach the engineering design process. The second goal is to learn more about how middle school students propose, support, critique and revise design solutions. This project will result in new findings about how middle school students learn about the engineering design process, how they propose, support, critique and revise engineering designs; and how different aspects of instruction support or constrain middle school student use of disciplinary core ideas and cross-cutting concepts while engaging in the engineering design process. This project will directly impact four teachers and a diverse group of approximately 1000 students. Once the instructional model is developed, it has the potential to be adopted by teachers throughout the United States. This new approach to instruction will enable science teachers to integrate engineering concepts and practices into any middle school science course as prescribed by the Next Generation Science Standards - without needing to adopt or purchase an entirely new curriculum. In addition, the project has the potential to enhance interest in the field of engineering and to broaden the participation of women and minorities in engineering. The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) call for middle school science teachers to add engineering design into their curriculum so all students can learn to use core ideas, crosscutting concepts, and engineering practices to solve problems. This project uses a design-research mixed-methods approach. The project team will develop, implement and revise 4 prototype engineering design tasks (EDTs) based on a new instructional model called Argument-Driven Engineering (ADE). Iterative improvements of the instructional model and the EDTs will be made from analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data. This project will result in the generation and validation of a new assessment of practices related to engineering design, referred to as the Scenario-based Assessment of Design (SAD). The SAD will be administered three times (pre-, mid- and post-) to track changes in students' knowledge and skills over time. Qualitative data, including the collection of video data of EDTs and student artifacts, will be analyzed using iterative content analysis. This research project will also result in new findings about: a) how middle school students propose, support, critique and revise engineering design; b) how patterns of the these skills change over time; and c) what features of instruction support or constrain learning of the engineering design process. The results will be used to refine the ADE model so that it can be used effectively by teachers who incorporate engineering design in their classes.