SHINE: Multi-Spacecraft Observational Study and Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Modeling of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (ICMEs) Observed in Conjunction

SHINE：联合观测的行星际日冕物质抛射（ICME）的多航天器观测研究和磁流体动力学（MHD）建模

• 批准号: 1622352
• 负责人: Reka Winslow
• 金额: $ 35.78万
• 依托单位: University of New Hampshire
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-07-01 至 2020-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1622352&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: SHINE; Multi; Spacecraft; Observational; Study

Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are a complex and fundamental component of space weather. They have the potential to do significant damage to satellites, power grids, and humans in space. CMEs change in significant ways as they propagate through the interplanetary medium. There are only a few locations between the Sun and the Earth where measurements of the ICMEs (Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections) have been made. As such, this 3-year SHINE project is potentially transformative as it plans to use data and models to examine ICMEs that hit Mercury and Earth. The goals are to determine how their properties evolve, how solar wind interactions change them, and what critical factors affect the direction of the magnetic field in them. This last point is particularly important as the direction of the field when it hits Earth plays a very large role in the effect that the CME has on electric and telecommunications systems. The outcomes of this study have the potential to vastly improve the science behind prediction models used in space hazard early warning systems. The main goal of this SHINE project is to develop the physical understanding of interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) propagation and evolution in the inner heliosphere inside 1 AU. To accomplish this goal, the project will use multi-spacecraft observations of the same ICME events at Mercury (MESSENGER) and at 1 AU (ACE, WIND, STEREO), in conjunction with magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models of these events to focus on ICME magnetic field (strength and direction), speed, and shock structure evolution from 0.3 AU to 1 AU. The main efforts of the analyses include force-free field fitting of the magnetic ejecta to determine the flux rope orientation and axial magnetic field strength at Mercury and at 1 AU, ICME shock shape determination at both distances, solar wind velocity estimation at Mercury (from proxies as well as models), and MHD simulations of real ICME events in order to discern global structure and changes during propagation. MESSENGER has now amassed a large dataset of ICMEs from years of observations at Mercury's heliocentric distances, and so this project is very timely and will lay the groundwork in mapping ICME evolution in preparation for the upcoming Solar Orbiter and Solar Probe Plus missions. The three key scientific questions addressed in this project are: (1) how do ICME properties (e.g., magnetic field, speed, shock structure) evolve from Mercury to 1 AU; (2) does the global magnetic field structure inside ejecta change significantly on average from Mercury to 1 AU; and, (3) what are the critical factors that affect change in flux rope orientation during propagation?The project is highly relevant to the NSF's SHINE program, and it will have a strong impact on the SHINE community. SHINE and the broader scientific community will be served through the following avenues. First, databases and results from the project will be made freely available to the scientific community. Second, the project team will engage the SHINE community through the SHINE workshop to take part in a challenge to use the observed ICME events as campaign events to test models. Third, the project will support an early career, female scientist, thereby contributing towards retaining highly qualified young scientists in academic research and promoting the advancement of women in science. Fourth, the Co-Is will teach undergraduate and graduate classes related to space science, and the research results will be incorporated, when possible, into advanced undergraduate and graduate classes. The project team will utilize the scientific outcome of this project to motivate and educate students, teachers, and the public with an appreciation of the importance of solar physics and STEM fields in general by leveraging the special initiatives of the Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space (EOS) at UNH. Therefore, the research and EPO agenda of this project supports the Strategic Goals of the AGS Division in discovery, learning, diversity, and interdisciplinary research.

日冕物质抛射是空间气象的一个复杂而基本的组成部分。它们有可能对太空中的卫星、电网和人类造成重大破坏。日冕物质抛射在行星际介质中传播时会发生重大变化。在太阳和地球之间只有少数几个位置进行了ICME(行星际日冕物质抛射)的测量。因此，这个为期3年的SIRE项目具有潜在的变革性，因为它计划使用数据和模型来检查撞击水星和地球的ICME。目标是确定它们的性质是如何演变的，太阳风的相互作用是如何改变它们的，以及哪些关键因素会影响它们的磁场方向。最后这一点特别重要，因为当它到达地球时，磁场的方向在CME对电力和电信系统的影响中起着非常大的作用。这项研究的结果有可能极大地提高空间灾害预警系统中使用的预测模型背后的科学水平。这项SISH计划的主要目标是发展对1AU内日光层内行星际日冕物质抛射(ICME)传播和演化的物理理解。为了实现这一目标，该项目将利用多个航天器对水星(信使)和1AU(ACE、WIND、STEREO)的相同ICME事件进行观测，并结合这些事件的磁流体动力学(MHD)模型，重点研究ICME磁场(强度和方向)、速度和激波结构从0.3AU到1AU的演变。分析的主要工作包括对磁射出物进行无力场拟合，以确定水星和1AU处的磁绳方向和轴向磁场强度，确定两个距离的ICME激波形状，估计水星的太阳风速(根据代理和模型)，以及对真实的ICME事件进行MHD模拟，以查明全球结构和传播过程中的变化。信使号现已从对水星日心距离的多年观测中积累了大量的ICME数据集，因此该项目非常及时，将为绘制ICME演化图奠定基础，为即将到来的太阳轨道器和太阳探测器Plus飞行任务做准备。这个项目涉及的三个关键科学问题是：(1)ICME的性质(例如，磁场、速度、激波结构)如何从水星演化到1AU；(2)从水星到1AU，喷出物内部的全球磁场结构是否发生显著变化；以及(3)在传播过程中，影响磁绳取向变化的关键因素是什么？该项目与NSF的SISH计划高度相关，它将对SISH社区产生强烈影响。Share和更广泛的科学界将通过以下途径获得服务。首先，该项目的数据库和成果将免费提供给科学界。其次，项目团队将通过SHARE研讨会吸引SHARE社区参与一项挑战，将观察到的ICME事件作为活动活动来测试模型。第三，该项目将支持职业生涯早期的女科学家，从而有助于在学术研究中留住高素质的青年科学家，并促进提高妇女在科学领域的地位。第四，联合信息系统将教授与空间科学相关的本科生和研究生课程，研究成果将尽可能纳入高级本科生和研究生课程。项目组将利用该项目的科学成果，通过利用联合国大学地球、海洋和空间研究所(EOS)的特别倡议，激励和教育学生、教师和公众，认识到太阳物理和STEM领域的重要性。因此，该项目的研究和EPO议程支持AGS部门在发现、学习、多样性和跨学科研究方面的战略目标。