SHINE: Multi-Spacecraft Observational Study and Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Modeling of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (ICMEs) Observed in Conjunction

日冕物质抛射（cme）是空间天气的一个复杂而基本的组成部分。它们有可能对卫星、电网和太空中的人类造成重大损害。日冕物质抛射在星际介质中传播时发生了显著的变化。在太阳和地球之间只有少数几个地方可以测量到行星际日冕物质抛射。因此，这个为期3年的SHINE项目是潜在的变革，因为它计划使用数据和模型来检查撞击水星和地球的ICMEs。目标是确定它们的性质是如何演变的，太阳风的相互作用是如何改变它们的，以及哪些关键因素会影响它们的磁场方向。最后一点尤其重要，因为当它撞击地球时，磁场的方向在CME对电力和电信系统的影响中起着非常重要的作用。这项研究的结果有可能极大地改善空间灾害预警系统中使用的预测模型背后的科学。SHINE项目的主要目标是在1个天文单位内发展行星际日冕物质抛射（ICME）在内日球层的传播和进化的物理认识。为了实现这一目标，该项目将使用多个航天器在水星（MESSENGER）和1天文单位（ACE、WIND、STEREO）上对相同的ICME事件进行观测，并结合这些事件的磁流体动力学（MHD）模型，重点研究ICME磁场（强度和方向）、速度以及从0.3天文单位到1天文单位的激波结构演变。分析的主要工作包括对磁抛射物进行无力场拟合，以确定在水星和1 AU处的通量绳方向和轴向磁场强度，确定两个距离处的ICME激波形状，估算水星上的太阳风速度（通过代理和模型），以及对真实ICME事件进行MHD模拟，以辨别传播过程中的全球结构和变化。信使号从多年来对水星日心距离的观测中积累了大量的ICME数据集，因此这个项目非常及时，将为绘制ICME的演变奠定基础，为即将到来的太阳轨道器和太阳探测器Plus任务做准备。本项目解决的三个关键科学问题是：(1)ICME性质（如磁场、速度、激波结构）如何从水星演变到1 AU；(2)从水星到1 AU，全球喷出物内部磁场结构的平均变化显著；(3)在传播过程中影响磁链方向变化的关键因素是什么？该项目与NSF的SHINE项目高度相关，将对SHINE社区产生强烈影响。SHINE和更广泛的科学界将通过以下途径得到服务。首先，该项目的数据库和结果将免费提供给科学界。其次，项目团队将通过SHINE研讨会让SHINE社区参与挑战，使用观察到的ICME事件作为活动事件来测试模型。第三，该项目将支持早期职业生涯的女性科学家，从而有助于在学术研究中留住高素质的年轻科学家，并促进女性在科学领域的进步。第四，联合教授将教授与空间科学相关的本科和研究生课程，并在可能的情况下将研究成果纳入高级本科和研究生课程。项目团队将利用该项目的科学成果，通过利用联合国大学地球、海洋和空间研究所（EOS）的特别倡议，激励和教育学生、教师和公众认识到太阳物理学和STEM领域的重要性。因此，该项目的研究和EPO议程支持AGS部门在发现、学习、多样性和跨学科研究方面的战略目标。

Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are a complex and fundamental component of space weather. They have the potential to do significant damage to satellites, power grids, and humans in space. CMEs change in significant ways as they propagate through the interplanetary medium. There are only a few locations between the Sun and the Earth where measurements of the ICMEs (Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections) have been made. As such, this 3-year SHINE project is potentially transformative as it plans to use data and models to examine ICMEs that hit Mercury and Earth. The goals are to determine how their properties evolve, how solar wind interactions change them, and what critical factors affect the direction of the magnetic field in them. This last point is particularly important as the direction of the field when it hits Earth plays a very large role in the effect that the CME has on electric and telecommunications systems. The outcomes of this study have the potential to vastly improve the science behind prediction models used in space hazard early warning systems. The main goal of this SHINE project is to develop the physical understanding of interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) propagation and evolution in the inner heliosphere inside 1 AU. To accomplish this goal, the project will use multi-spacecraft observations of the same ICME events at Mercury (MESSENGER) and at 1 AU (ACE, WIND, STEREO), in conjunction with magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models of these events to focus on ICME magnetic field (strength and direction), speed, and shock structure evolution from 0.3 AU to 1 AU. The main efforts of the analyses include force-free field fitting of the magnetic ejecta to determine the flux rope orientation and axial magnetic field strength at Mercury and at 1 AU, ICME shock shape determination at both distances, solar wind velocity estimation at Mercury (from proxies as well as models), and MHD simulations of real ICME events in order to discern global structure and changes during propagation. MESSENGER has now amassed a large dataset of ICMEs from years of observations at Mercury's heliocentric distances, and so this project is very timely and will lay the groundwork in mapping ICME evolution in preparation for the upcoming Solar Orbiter and Solar Probe Plus missions. The three key scientific questions addressed in this project are: (1) how do ICME properties (e.g., magnetic field, speed, shock structure) evolve from Mercury to 1 AU; (2) does the global magnetic field structure inside ejecta change significantly on average from Mercury to 1 AU; and, (3) what are the critical factors that affect change in flux rope orientation during propagation?The project is highly relevant to the NSF's SHINE program, and it will have a strong impact on the SHINE community. SHINE and the broader scientific community will be served through the following avenues. First, databases and results from the project will be made freely available to the scientific community. Second, the project team will engage the SHINE community through the SHINE workshop to take part in a challenge to use the observed ICME events as campaign events to test models. Third, the project will support an early career, female scientist, thereby contributing towards retaining highly qualified young scientists in academic research and promoting the advancement of women in science. Fourth, the Co-Is will teach undergraduate and graduate classes related to space science, and the research results will be incorporated, when possible, into advanced undergraduate and graduate classes. The project team will utilize the scientific outcome of this project to motivate and educate students, teachers, and the public with an appreciation of the importance of solar physics and STEM fields in general by leveraging the special initiatives of the Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space (EOS) at UNH. Therefore, the research and EPO agenda of this project supports the Strategic Goals of the AGS Division in discovery, learning, diversity, and interdisciplinary research.