SHINE: Multi-Spacecraft Observational Study and Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Modeling of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (ICMEs) Observed in Conjunction

日冕物质抛射（CME）是空间天气的一个复杂和基本的组成部分。 它们有可能对卫星、电网和太空中的人类造成重大损害。 CME在行星际介质中传播时会发生显著的变化。 太阳和地球之间只有少数几个位置进行了ICME（行星际日冕物质抛射）测量。 因此，这个为期3年的SHINE项目具有潜在的变革性，因为它计划使用数据和模型来检查撞击水星和地球的ICME。 目标是确定它们的性质如何演变，太阳风相互作用如何改变它们，以及哪些关键因素影响它们的磁场方向。 最后一点特别重要，因为当它击中地球时，磁场的方向在CME对电力和电信系统的影响中起着非常重要的作用。 这项研究的结果有可能大大改进空间灾害预警系统所用预测模型背后的科学。SHINE项目的主要目标是在1个Au的内部日光层中发展行星际日冕物质抛射（ICME）传播和演化的物理理解。 为了实现这一目标，该项目将利用多航天器对水星（信使号）和1 Au（ACE、WIND、STEREO）上的同一ICME事件进行观测，并结合这些事件的磁流体动力学模型，重点研究ICME磁场（强度和方向）、速度和从0.3 Au到1 Au的激波结构演变。 分析的主要工作包括磁喷出物的无力场拟合，以确定水星和1 Au处的磁绳方向和轴向磁场强度，在两个距离处的ICME冲击形状确定，水星处的太阳风速度估计（从代理以及模型），以及真实的ICME事件的MHD模拟，以辨别全球结构和传播过程中的变化。 信使号现在已经从水星日心距离的多年观测中积累了大量的ICME数据集，因此这个项目非常及时，将为即将到来的太阳轨道器和太阳探测器+任务奠定基础。 在这个项目中解决的三个关键科学问题是：（1）ICME特性（例如，磁场，速度，冲击结构）演变从水星到1 Au;（2）全球磁场结构内的喷出物改变显着平均从水星到1 Au;和，（3）是什么关键因素，影响变化的磁通绳方向在传播过程中？该项目与NSF的SHINE计划高度相关，它将对SHINE社区产生强烈的影响。 SHINE和更广泛的科学界将通过以下途径提供服务。 首先，该项目的数据库和成果将免费提供给科学界。 第二，项目团队将通过SHINE研讨会与SHINE社区合作，参加一项挑战，将观察到的ICME事件用作测试模型的活动。 第三，该项目将支持女性科学家的早期职业生涯，从而有助于留住高素质的年轻科学家从事学术研究，并促进妇女在科学领域的进步。 第四，空间科学委员会将教授与空间科学有关的本科生和研究生课程，研究成果将在可能的情况下纳入高等本科生和研究生课程。 项目团队将利用该项目的科学成果，通过利用地球研究所的特别举措，激励和教育学生、教师和公众，让他们了解太阳物理学和STEM领域的重要性。海洋和空间（EOS）在新罕布什尔大学。 因此，该项目的研究和EPO议程支持AGS部门在发现，学习，多样性和跨学科研究方面的战略目标。

Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are a complex and fundamental component of space weather. They have the potential to do significant damage to satellites, power grids, and humans in space. CMEs change in significant ways as they propagate through the interplanetary medium. There are only a few locations between the Sun and the Earth where measurements of the ICMEs (Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections) have been made. As such, this 3-year SHINE project is potentially transformative as it plans to use data and models to examine ICMEs that hit Mercury and Earth. The goals are to determine how their properties evolve, how solar wind interactions change them, and what critical factors affect the direction of the magnetic field in them. This last point is particularly important as the direction of the field when it hits Earth plays a very large role in the effect that the CME has on electric and telecommunications systems. The outcomes of this study have the potential to vastly improve the science behind prediction models used in space hazard early warning systems. The main goal of this SHINE project is to develop the physical understanding of interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) propagation and evolution in the inner heliosphere inside 1 AU. To accomplish this goal, the project will use multi-spacecraft observations of the same ICME events at Mercury (MESSENGER) and at 1 AU (ACE, WIND, STEREO), in conjunction with magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models of these events to focus on ICME magnetic field (strength and direction), speed, and shock structure evolution from 0.3 AU to 1 AU. The main efforts of the analyses include force-free field fitting of the magnetic ejecta to determine the flux rope orientation and axial magnetic field strength at Mercury and at 1 AU, ICME shock shape determination at both distances, solar wind velocity estimation at Mercury (from proxies as well as models), and MHD simulations of real ICME events in order to discern global structure and changes during propagation. MESSENGER has now amassed a large dataset of ICMEs from years of observations at Mercury's heliocentric distances, and so this project is very timely and will lay the groundwork in mapping ICME evolution in preparation for the upcoming Solar Orbiter and Solar Probe Plus missions. The three key scientific questions addressed in this project are: (1) how do ICME properties (e.g., magnetic field, speed, shock structure) evolve from Mercury to 1 AU; (2) does the global magnetic field structure inside ejecta change significantly on average from Mercury to 1 AU; and, (3) what are the critical factors that affect change in flux rope orientation during propagation?The project is highly relevant to the NSF's SHINE program, and it will have a strong impact on the SHINE community. SHINE and the broader scientific community will be served through the following avenues. First, databases and results from the project will be made freely available to the scientific community. Second, the project team will engage the SHINE community through the SHINE workshop to take part in a challenge to use the observed ICME events as campaign events to test models. Third, the project will support an early career, female scientist, thereby contributing towards retaining highly qualified young scientists in academic research and promoting the advancement of women in science. Fourth, the Co-Is will teach undergraduate and graduate classes related to space science, and the research results will be incorporated, when possible, into advanced undergraduate and graduate classes. The project team will utilize the scientific outcome of this project to motivate and educate students, teachers, and the public with an appreciation of the importance of solar physics and STEM fields in general by leveraging the special initiatives of the Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space (EOS) at UNH. Therefore, the research and EPO agenda of this project supports the Strategic Goals of the AGS Division in discovery, learning, diversity, and interdisciplinary research.