Doctoral Dissertation Research: The Intersections of Health and Wealth: Socioeconomic Status, Frailty, and Mortality

社会经济地位（SES）长期以来一直被认为是介导暴露于危险和疾病，以及获得生长，发育，组织维护和免疫反应所需的资源。然而，社会经济地位和死亡率之间的联系往往被过于简单化，在极端情况下，可能会误导卫生政策和治疗方案，使人们在各种情况下面临风险。生物人类学是装备精良，以探索在过去的SES和健康的模式的变化，通过解释生物考古学研究的结果，根据目前的理论观点，由公共卫生研究人员所支持的调查SES和健康之间的联系在生活人群。该项目为探索过去社会中的SES提供了一个新的模型，并将通过关注与现代工业化人口不同的背景来扩大对SES随时间变化的影响的理解，这些理论观点已被应用。因此，这个多学科项目将推进生物人类学的研究，并通过将交叉性理论纳入过去健康的研究，扩大公共卫生研究的时间范围。此外，这项工作将培养一名女研究生，并有助于在美国和英国的公共科学推广工作。本论文项目使用骨骼样本研究的SES的相互作用，人口特征（如年龄和性别），暴露于生理应激源，和死亡率在工业化的背景下，在19世纪英格兰。来自四个工业时代墓地的Skeleton数据（教练巷，圣新娘的舰队街，圣彼得的伍尔弗汉普顿，和新邦希尔领域）将进行分析与古人口的方法（风险模型，分层对数线性分析，方差分析），以确定如何发病率和死亡率模式在工业英国不同的SES组;调查一生中的生理压力如何与社会有意义的类别（如年龄和性别）相互作用，以产生分层的边缘化，影响工业化英国的脆弱性和死亡率;评估生物人类学文献中未充分代表的压力源的潜力，以加强对过去边缘化，交叉性和死亡率的理解。

Socioeconomic status (SES) has long been known to mediate exposure to hazards and disease, as well as access to those resources necessary for growth, development, tissue maintenance, and immune response. However, the connection between SES and mortality is often oversimplified, and, in extreme cases, could misinform health policy and treatment protocols about the risks faced by individuals in a variety of contexts. Biological anthropology is well-equipped to explore the variability of patterns of SES and heath in the past by interpreting the results of bioarchaeological research in light of current theoretical perspectives espoused by public health researchers investigating the connection between SES and health in living populations. This project provides a novel model for exploring SES in past societies and will broaden understanding of the effects of SES across time by focusing on a context that differs from the modern, industrialized populations to which these theoretical perspectives have been applied. As a result, this multidisciplinary project will advance research in biological anthropology and extend the temporal purview of public health research by incorporating intersectionality theory into a study of past health. Moreover, the work will train a female graduate student and contribute to public science outreach efforts in both the United States and the United Kingdom.This dissertation project uses skeletal samples to examine the interactions of SES, demographic characteristics (such as age and sex), exposure to physiological stressors, and mortality in the context of industrialization in 19th century England. Skeletal data from four industrial-era cemeteries (Coach Lane, St. Bride's Fleet Street, St. Peter's Wolverhampton, and New Bunhill Fields) will be analyzed with paleodemographic approaches (hazard modeling, hierarchical log-linear analysis, and analysis of variance) to determine how morbidity and mortality patterns in industrial England differed between SES groups; investigate how physiological stressors throughout life interacted with socially meaningful categories such as age and sex to produce layered marginalizations that influenced frailty and mortality in industrial England; and evaluate the potential of stressors underrepresented in biological anthropology literature to enhance understanding of marginalization, intersectionality, and mortality in the past.