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RI: Small: New Computational Techniques and Market Designs for Kidney Exchanges and Other Barter Markets

RI：小型：肾脏交换和其他易货市场的新计算技术和市场设计

基本信息

批准号：
1718457
负责人：
Tuomas Sandholm
金额：
$ 42万
依托单位：
Carnegie-Mellon University
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2017
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2017-09-01 至 2021-08-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1718457&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
RI Small New Computational Techniques

项目摘要

In the US alone, 35,000 patients with terminal kidney disease get added to the deceased-donor wait list each year, and 100,000 await for a kidney transplant - more than all other solid-organ transplants combined. That demand far exceeds the supply of deceased-donor kidneys. It is possible for a living person to donate a kidney, but it is unlikely that a given donor can donate to a given patient due to blood type and tissue type incompatibilities. This opens the door for kidney exchange where such willing donor-patient pairs "swap" donors. In modern kidney exchanges these "swaps" are conducted via cycles and altruist-donor-initiated chains. Prior work in developing the methods, algorithms, and software for kidney exchanges has already been used by two of the largest regional kidney exchanges in the US. More importantly, it runs the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) nationwide kidney exchange, which includes 153 transplant centers. This work has uncovered a myriad of open problems in barter exchanges, which this grant will address by developing computational techniques, conducting computational experiments, and fielding the fruits of the research. The research under this grant has the potential to save hundreds of lives annually in the US alone, and the integration with the deceased-donor waiting list has the potential to save thousands. The approach also leads to dramatic improvements in the quality of life by moving patients off dialysis and back into the productive work force. Societal benefits come also from transplants being less expensive than dialysis; this effect has been independently estimated to be $750 million in the US over five years. This project will focus on four prongs for kidney exchanges and other barter markets, as follows: 1. developing computational techniques for automatically deriving market-clearing policies for dynamic problems; 2) developing computational techniques for automatically determining dynamically which edges (possible donations) to test for compatibility and other viability; 3) developing market designs and computational techniques for integrating the deceased-donor waiting list and kidney exchange; and 4) developing market designs and computational techniques for generalizations where a patient can have multiple donors and vice versa. The techniques developed here will apply to other barter exchanges in a broad range of other domains as well.

仅在美国，每年就有35，000名晚期肾病患者加入死亡供体等待名单，100，000人等待肾脏移植-超过所有其他实体器官移植的总和。这一需求远远超过了死者肾脏的供应。一个活着的人可以捐献肾脏，但由于血型和组织类型不相容，一个给定的捐赠者不太可能捐献给一个给定的病人。这为肾脏交换打开了大门，在这种情况下，自愿的捐赠者-患者对“交换”捐赠者。在现代肾脏交换中，这些“交换”是通过循环和利他主义者发起的链条进行的。先前开发肾脏交换方法、算法和软件的工作已经被美国两个最大的区域肾脏交换所使用。更重要的是，它运行着全国性的器官共享联合网络（UNOS），其中包括153个移植中心。这项工作揭示了易货交易中的无数开放问题，这笔赠款将通过开发计算技术，进行计算实验和部署研究成果来解决这些问题。这项资助下的研究有可能每年仅在美国就挽救数百人的生命，而与死亡捐赠者等待名单的整合有可能挽救数千人的生命。该方法还通过使患者摆脱透析并回到生产劳动力中来显著改善生活质量。社会效益还来自于移植比透析便宜;据独立估计，在美国，这种效果在五年内达到7.5亿美元。该项目将重点关注肾脏交换和其他易货市场的四个方面，如下：1。开发用于自动导出动态问题的市场出清策略的计算技术; 2）开发用于自动动态确定哪些边缘的计算技术（可能的捐赠），以测试兼容性和其他可行性; 3）开发市场设计和计算技术，整合死者捐赠者等待名单和肾脏交换;以及4）开发市场设计和计算技术以用于推广，其中患者可以具有多个供体，反之亦然。这里开发的技术也将适用于其他广泛领域的其他易货交易。