Criticism today. Theory of society, sociology and critique of the social in France and Germany.

“社会批判理论”代表了当代德法哲学讨论中的一个具体研究领域，但不能归入统一的思维范式。我们的项目将审查不同方法的分歧和趋同，目的是从历史的、系统的和法德两国的角度制定社会批判理论。这项跨学科的研究将考虑到方法论(对象“社会”的方法)、本体论(对象“社会”的现实性)和形而上学(批评标准的地位)三个维度上的显著连续性和不连续性，并展示它们是如何构建社会批评领域的。本研究将解决三个问题：第一，追溯1945年以来德国和法国政治哲学中“批评”概念的历史(方案I)；虽然在德国，“批评”这个概念被赋予了狭义的含义(法兰克福学派)，但在法国，它受到不同的用法和解释(阿尔都塞、福柯、利奥塔德、兰奇埃尔、巴利巴尔)。应进行比较研究，一方面强调两个传统在使用这一概念方面的差异，另一方面研究各自传统中以“批评的批评”形式出现的争论。其次，应系统地讨论社会概念和批评概念的方法论、本体论和(后)形而上学的前提(项目II)。对社会的批判有两种截然相反的方式：一种是批评的概念，它使批评理论的可能性依赖于把握社会现实的社会理论(阿尔都塞、阿多诺、布尔迪厄)；另一种是从内部视角对社会本身进行批评的概念(福柯、博尔坦斯基、兰西埃尔、哈贝马斯、霍内特)。第三，该项目力求审查批评的实际相关性(项目III)。为此，它将在德国和法国对社会现实采取哲学和社会学方法的两个传统之间建立对话：法兰克福批评理论(哈贝马斯，霍内特)和“批评社会学”(博尔坦斯基，泰维诺)，后者是为回应布迪厄的“批评社会学”而发展起来的。这两种方法都认为社会行为者有批评的能力，这两种方法之间的对话应辅之以不接受这些假设的相互冲突的方法(Rancière，Balibar，Boltanski的晚期工作)。该项目还将审查批评理论和社会实践(社会运动)之间的关系，并探讨社会哲学方法和政治哲学方法之间的紧张关系，在这一点上，两者的领域明显重叠。

The "Critical Theory of Society" represents a specific field of research in the contemporary German and French philosophical discussion which however cannot be subsumed under a unified paradigm of thinking. Our project shall examine the divergences and convergences of different approaches aiming at formulating a critical theory of society in a historical, systematic and Franco-German perspective. This cross-disciplinary study shall take into account the significant continuities and discontinuities in the methodological (approach of the object "society"), ontological (reality of the object "society") and metaphysical (status of the criteria of criticism) dimensions to consider, and to show how they structure the field of social critique.The study will address three issues: Firstly, it shall trace back the history of the concept "criticism" in political philosophy since 1945 in Germany and France (Project I); while in Germany this notion of "criticism" is assigned a narrow meaning (Frankfurt School), it is subject to various uses and interpretations in France (Althusser, Foucault, Lyotard, Rancière, Balibar). A comparative study shall be carried out, emphasizing on the one hand the differences between the two traditions in the use of the concept, and studying on the other hand the debates that took within the respective traditions the form of a "criticism of criticism". Secondly, shall be systematically discussed the methodological, ontological, and (post)metaphysical presuppositions of the concept of society and the concept of criticism (Project II). Two approaches of the criticism of the social are opposed: a conception of the criticism, which makes the possibility of criticizing the theory depend on the theory of society that grasps the social reality (Althusser, Adorno, Bourdieu), and a conception that draws the criticism of the social itself from an internal perspective, the theory remaining here the container of the critique (Foucault, Boltanski, Rancière, Habermas, Honneth). Thirdly, the project seeks to examine the actual relevance of the criticism (Project III). For this purpose, it shall establish a dialogue between the two tradition that have, in Germany and France, a philosophical and sociological approach to social reality: the Frankfurter critical theory (Habermas, Honneth) and the "sociology of criticism" (Boltanski, Thévenot), which was developed in response to the "critical sociology" of Bourdieu. The dialogue between the two approaches, that share the idea that social actors have the capacity of criticizing, shall be supplemented by the inclusion of conflicting approaches that do not accept these assumptions (Rancière, Balibar, the late work of Boltanski). This project shall also examine the relationship between critical theory and social practice (social movements) and explore the tension between the approach of the social philosophy and the political philosophy, at the point where their territory overlap obviously.