Cosmic ray production and transport in astrospheres

关于星系宇宙射线光谱的一个范例是，它们是在剧烈事件中产生的，比如超新星爆炸。最近，我们已经证明，类太阳恒星可以通过在它们的外层天体中产生所谓的异常宇宙射线（ACRs），从最初的星际中性原子中产生宇宙射线质子谱的较低能量范围。本提案的主要目标是继续并扩展这种方法，即基于观测，对位于不同星际环境中的冷（F，G，K和M）以及热（O和B）恒星的天体球体（星际气泡）及其ACR产生进行建模。因此，我们将首次量化冷恒星对宇宙射线低能（GeV）范围的贡献，并对热恒星的天体球（星际气泡）产生的中能（TeV）范围进行定量估计。为了做到这一点，我们将首次在热恒星的能量方程中不仅纳入冷却和加热项，而且还将自一致地考虑欧拉方程中的质量，动量和能量负载。对于后者，电离反应，如不同原子和离子之间的电荷交换，以及电子撞击和光电离将包括在bopo代码中。因此，在对天球的大尺度结构进行建模后，我们将自洽地确定大尺度异常宇宙射线通量及其在星际介质中的泄漏。这项提议的研究是及时的，因为它为最近对单电离H3区域的观测提供了解释，以及在TeV范围内宇宙射线的起源。这些观测是最近由像冰立方这样的大面积望远镜和伽马射线天文台进行的。作为该模型的固有结果，我们将在冷恒星的天体球内提供宇宙射线和中性氢通量，可能在可居住的区域内有系外行星。所有结果将在Ruhr-Universität Bochum的公共服务器上公布。

One paradigm concerning galactic cosmic ray spectra is that they are created in violent events, like supernova explosions. Recently, we have demonstrated that Sun-like stars can contribute to the lower energy range of the cosmic ray proton spectrum, by creating so-called anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) in their outer astrospheres from originally interstellar neutral atoms. The main goal of this proposal is to continue and extend this approach, i.e. to model, based on observations, astrospheres (interstellar bubbles) and their ACR production for cool (F,G,K, and M) as well as for hot (O and B) stars located in different interstellar environments. Thus, we will, for the first time, quantify the contribution of cool stars to the low energy (GeV) range of cosmic rays, and give a quantitative estimate for the middle energy (TeV) range produced in astrospheres (interstellar bubbles) of hot stars. To do so, we will for the first time, incorporate not only cooling and heating terms in the energy equation of hot stars, but also consider the mass,- momentum-, and energy loading in the Euler equations self-consistently. For the latter the ionization reactions, like charge exchange between different atoms and ions, as well as the electron impact and photoioniziation will be included into the BoPo-code. Thus after modeling the large scale structure of astropheres, we will self-consistently determine the large scale anomalous cosmic ray flux and its leakage into the interstellar medium. The proposed research is timely, because it offers explanations to the recent observations of single ionized H3 regions, as well as the origin of cosmic rays in the TeV range. Such observations were recently made by the large area telescopes, like IceCube among others, and gamma-ray observatories.As an inherent result of the model we will provide the cosmic ray and neutral hydrogen fluxes inside the astrospheres of cool stars, possibly hosting exoplanets in habitable zones. All results will be made available on a public server at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum.