RAPID: Coordinated Structural Engineering Reconnaissance for 2017 Hurricane Irma

灾后快速反应研究勘察是了解自然灾害对国家建成环境影响的最有力手段之一。通过系统地记录住宅、建筑和其他民用基础设施在实际危险条件下的性能，结构工程界推进风暴设计和施工方法的能力得到了极大的了解。2017年飓风季节是此类调查尤其史无前例的地点。这个季节包括飓风伊尔玛，这是有记录以来最强大的大西洋飓风，持续风速为每小时185英里，5级状态的时间比之前的任何风暴都要长。伊尔玛在加勒比海留下了一条相当大的毁灭之路。美属维尔京群岛和波多黎各暴露在伊尔玛5级的全部力量下，夺走了3人的生命，损害了波多黎各的基本基础设施，同时对美属维尔京群岛造成了惊人的破坏。2017年9月10日周日凌晨，伊尔玛终于在美国大陆佛罗里达州南部的库德乔基岛登陆，经过距离基韦斯特仅20英里的地方，4级风速达到每小时130英里。当天下午晚些时候，伊尔玛在佛罗里达州墨西哥湾沿岸那不勒斯以南的马尔科岛第二次登陆时，降级为3级风暴，持续风速接近每小时120英里。伊尔玛继续沿佛罗里达州墨西哥湾沿岸向北移动，减弱为2级风暴，最终转变为热带风暴。即使在被削弱的州，伊尔玛也夺走了26人的生命，电力基础设施瘫痪，屋顶被摧毁，并在佛罗里达州各地煽动结构故障，包括广为人知的迈阿密多台建筑起重机故障。IRMA造成的广泛基础设施破坏为结构风和沿海工程师以及整个建筑行业提供了一个宝贵的真实世界试验台，以记录基础设施性能和破坏数据，以促进对美国抗飓风设计和施工实践的了解。根据这项快速反应研究赠款(RAPID)，圣母大学的一个中央协调节点将连接佛罗里达和波多黎各大学(佛罗里达理工学院、佛罗里达国际大学、佛罗里达大学和波多黎各大学马亚格斯分校)的区域节点网络，以在飓风伊尔玛过后的几周内协调广泛的结构性风和沿海工程勘察工作，以捕获这些宝贵的易腐烂的破坏数据。从实地工作中获得的数据将通过奥本大学的数据节点进行组织和记录，然后通过国家科学基金会支持的自然灾害工程研究基础设施数据仓库(https://www.designsafe-ci.org).)与其他研究人员共享在这项快速研究中，研究人员和学生团队将在每个区域节点周围组成团队，调查和记录飓风伊尔玛在四个波中对佛罗里达州大西洋海岸、墨西哥湾海岸、关键群岛以及美国领土波多黎各和美属维尔京群岛造成的结构性破坏和其他风暴影响。这项调查的广泛国内足迹将使研究人员能够研究从5类到热带风暴强度的一系列飓风驱动的危险，以回应围绕以下关键问题：(1)这些地区一系列建筑和基础设施类别的独特建筑实践的表现，特别关注被视为弹性海岸建设领先者的佛罗里达实践的表现，(2)当前缓解战略和改进建筑设计方法的有效性，(3)反复发生的风暴事件对暴露于飓风马修(2016)和伊尔玛(2017)的房屋失效概率的影响，(4)建筑围护结构抗水侵袭新技术的性能。这一努力将进一步建设结构风工程研究界迅速组织和部署灾后调查小组的能力，方法是开发：(1)有效的地理分布侦察的政策和数据标准，(2)能够快速捕获和管理易腐烂数据的数字工作流程，以及(3)众包损失评估的公众参与机制。

Post-disaster, rapid response research reconnaissance is one of the most powerful means to understand the effects of natural hazards on the nation's built environment. The structural engineering community's ability to advance windstorm design and construction methodologies is greatly informed by systematically documenting the performance of residential homes, buildings, and other civil infrastructure under actual hazard conditions. The 2017 hurricane season has been an especially unprecedented venue for such investigations. The season included Hurricane Irma, the most powerful Atlantic Hurricane on record, sustaining 185-mph winds and Category 5 status longer than any prior storm. Irma left a path of considerable destruction across the Caribbean. The U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico were exposed to Irma's full Category 5 strength, claiming three lives and compromising basic infrastructure in Puerto Rico, while delivering staggering damage to the U.S. Virgin Islands. Irma eventually made its first landfall in the continental U.S. on Cudjoe Key in southern Florida early on Sunday, September 10, 2017, passing just 20 miles from Key West with Category 4 winds that reached 130 miles per hour. Irma downgraded to a Category 3 storm as it made its second landfall later that afternoon on Marco Island, just south of Naples on Florida's Gulf Coast, with sustained winds near 120 miles per hour. Irma continued to move northward along Florida's Gulf Coast, weakening to a Category 2 storm and eventually to a Tropical Storm. Even in its weakened state, Irma claimed 26 lives, crippled power infrastructure, destroyed roofs, and instigated structural failures across the state of Florida, including the widely publicized failures of multiple construction cranes in Miami. The widespread infrastructure damage from Irma provides a valuable real-world testbed for structural wind and coastal engineers, as well as the building industry as a whole, to document infrastructure performance and damage data to advance understanding of hurricane-resistant design and construction practices in the United States. Under this Grant for Rapid Response Research (RAPID), a central coordination node at the University of Notre Dame will link a network of regional nodes at universities across Florida and Puerto Rico (Florida Institute of Technology, Florida International University, University of Florida, and University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez), to orchestrate a wide-spread structural wind and coastal engineering reconnaissance effort in the weeks following Hurricane Irma to capture this valuable perishable damage data. Data obtained from this field work will be organized and documented, through a data node at Auburn University, and then shared with other researchers through the NSF-supported Natural Hazards Engineering Research Infrastructure (NHERI) Data Depot (https://www.designsafe-ci.org). In this RAPID study, teams of researchers and students will form around each regional node to survey and document structural damage and other storm impacts from Hurricane Irma in four waves targeting Florida's Atlantic Coast, its Gulf Coast, its Keys, and the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The extensive domestic footprint of this investigation will allow researchers to study a range of hurricane-driven hazards from Category 5 to Tropical Storm intensities in order to respond to critical questions surrounding: (1) the performance of distinctive construction practices in these regions for a range of building and infrastructure classes, paying particular attention to the performance of Floridian practices regarded as a leader in resilient coastal construction, (2) the effectiveness of current mitigation strategies and enhanced building design methods, (3) the impact of recurring storm events on failure probabilities for homes exposed to both Hurricanes Matthew (2016) and Irma (2017), and (4) the performance of new building envelope technologies against water intrusion. This effort will further build the capacity of the structural wind engineering research community to rapidly organize and deploy post-disaster investigation teams by developing: (1) policies and data standards for effective geographically-distributed reconnaissance, (2) digital workflows that can enable the swift capture and curation of perishable data, and (3) public engagement mechanisms to crowdsource damage assessments.