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NSF/ENG/ECCS-BSF: Collaborative Research: Random Channel Cryptography

NSF/ENG/ECCS-BSF：协作研究：随机通道密码学

基本信息

批准号：
1809099
负责人：
Hui Cao
金额：
$ 22.5万
依托单位：
Yale University
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2018
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2018-09-01 至 2021-08-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1809099&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
NSF ENG ECCS BSF Collaborative

项目摘要

Physical-Layer Key Distribution Using Multimode FibersInformation security is of paramount importance in today's connected world. Currently, information is secured through public-key cryptography, which is based on the inability of the state-of-the-art computers to solve certain mathematical problems such as prime number factorization in an efficient manner. Therefore, these cryptographic methods are not secure against advances in computing paradigms and computing power. As a result, quantum key distribution (QKD) has received significant academic and commercial attention in recent years. QKD is fundamentally secure by virtue of the quantum properties of light including the no-cloning theorem and the uncertainty principle. However, QKD cannot satisfy the increasing capacity (key rate and distance) demand of commercial applications. In the meantime, even though classical key distribution (CKD) can provide higher capacity, none of the optical CKD methods proposed so far can guarantee security. Instead, existing optical CKD methods can only provide deterrence to hacking by imposing hacking asymmetry: making equipment for eavesdropping prohibitively more complicated than that for key distribution between legitimate users. Given its importance in today's information-based economy, physical-layer secure key generation and distribution represents a technology gap that can only be addressed by transformative research. We propose a physical-layer key distribution method using multimode fibers, which we call Random Channel Cryptography (RCC), that offers the best of both worlds: capacity and hacking asymmetry of CKD, and security of QKD.Random Channel Cryptography is based on a central result in information-theoretic security that the security of key distribution at the physical-layer is guaranteed as long as the legitimate users have access to a common source of randomness, through channels that are less noisy than the channel of the hacker. We exploit communication channels such as a multimode optical fiber with distributed mode coupling that is inherently random, but deterministically symmetric as a result of reciprocity, for simultaneous key generation and distribution. In RCC, both Alice and Bob send a continuous-wave single-mode laser through an arbitrary degree of freedom in space into a random, spatially-, spectrally- and temporally-varying multidimensional channel, such as a multimode fiber, and both receive the time-varying intensities in the same degree of freedom in space. A common key can be established between Alice and Bob from the measured intensities, which are correlated with each other because the CW lights traverse the reciprocal paths. Neither Alice nor Bob needs to generate a key. Instead, the secure key is generated in a distributed fashion along the multidimensional channel and becomes simultaneously available to Alice and Bob. Security of RCC is enhanced as a consequence of hacking asymmetry. In RCC, Alice and Bob only need to make a small number of measurements whereas, in order to break the key, the eavesdropper must make M simultaneous measurements, where M is the number of fiber modes, which could be on the order of several hundred. Thus, if measurements performed by Alice and Bob represent the state-of-the-art, measurements required of the eavesdropper will be several orders of magnitude beyond the state-of-the-art. We believe that the key rate and distance of RCC can be 10Gb/s and 300 km, respectively, using off-the-shelf components. We propose to conduct research to:- determine the performance limits of RCC, - design methods to reach those limits, and further - prove the security of RCC against general passive and active attacks. In conclusion, RCC has the potential to become a secure, high-capacity key-distribution method for commercial applications.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

使用多模光纤的物理层密钥分发在当今互联的世界中，信息安全至关重要。目前，信息是通过公钥密码术保护的，这是基于最先进的计算机无法有效地解决某些数学问题，如素数因式分解。因此，这些加密方法在计算模式和计算能力方面的进步是不安全的。因此，量子密钥分发(QKD)近年来受到了学术界和商业界的广泛关注。由于光的量子性质，包括不可克隆定理和测不准原理，量子密钥分发从根本上是安全的。然而，QKD不能满足商业应用不断增长的容量(密钥速率和距离)需求。同时，尽管经典密钥分发(CKD)可以提供更高的容量，但到目前为止提出的光学CKD方法都不能保证安全性。相反，现有的光学CKD方法只能通过施加黑客不对称性来威慑黑客：使窃听设备比合法用户之间的密钥分发设备复杂得令人望而却步。鉴于其在当今信息经济中的重要性，物理层安全密钥的生成和分发代表着一种只有通过变革性研究才能解决的技术差距。我们提出了一种使用多模光纤的物理层密钥分发方法，我们称之为随机信道密码术(RCC)，它兼顾了CKD的容量和黑客攻击的不对称性以及QKD的安全性。随机信道密码术基于信息论安全性的核心结果，即只要合法用户能够通过比黑客的信道噪声更小的信道访问公共的随机性来源，就可以保证物理层密钥分发的安全性。我们利用诸如具有分布式模式耦合的多模光纤之类的通信信道来同时生成和分发密钥，该分布式模式耦合本质上是随机的，但作为互易性的结果是确定性对称的。在RCC中，Alice和Bob都将连续波单模激光通过空间中的任意自由度发送到随机的、空间上、光谱上和时间上变化的多维信道中，例如多模光纤，并在相同的空间自由度中接收时变的强度。可以根据测量的强度在Alice和Bob之间建立公共密钥，因为CW光穿过倒易路径，所以这些强度彼此相关。Alice和Bob都不需要生成密钥。取而代之的是，安全密钥是沿着多维通道以分布式方式生成的，并且对Alice和Bob同时可用。由于黑客攻击的不对称性，RCC的安全性得到了增强。在RCC中，Alice和Bob只需要进行少量测量，而为了破解密钥，窃听者必须同时进行M次测量，其中M是光纤模式的数量，可能在几百个数量级。因此，如果Alice和Bob进行的测量代表了最先进的水平，那么对窃听者所需的测量将超出最先进水平几个数量级。我们认为，使用现成的组件，RCC的关键速率和距离分别可以达到10 Gb/S和300公里。我们建议进行以下研究：-确定RCC的性能极限，-设计达到这些极限的方法，并进一步-证明RCC对一般被动和主动攻击的安全性。总之，RCC有潜力成为一种用于商业应用的安全、高容量的密钥分发方法。这一奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（5）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

Remote key establishment by random mode mixing in multimode fibers and optical reciprocity

DOI：
10.1117/1.oe.58.1.016105
发表时间：
2019-01-01
期刊：
OPTICAL ENGINEERING
影响因子：
1.3
作者：
Bromberg, Yaron;Redding, Brandon;Cao, Hui
通讯作者：
Cao, Hui

High-Speed Random-Channel Cryptography in Multimode Fibers

DOI：
10.1109/jphot.2021.3049253
发表时间：
2021-02
期刊：
IEEE Photonics Journal
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Rachel Sampson;H. Wen;Bin Huang;R. Amezcua Correa;Y. Bromberg;H. Cao;Guifang Li
通讯作者：
Rachel Sampson;H. Wen;Bin Huang;R. Amezcua Correa;Y. Bromberg;H. Cao;Guifang Li

Deep learning of ultrafast pulses with a multimode fiber