Doctoral Dissertation Research: Social Inequalities and Respiratory Mortality in Newfoundland during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic

流行病学家、历史学家、病毒学家和社会科学家对1918年流感大流行进行了研究，对生物学和文化如何相互作用导致不平等的死亡率结果提供了越来越多的见解。这个博士论文项目将调查人口健康和社会不平等，有助于1918年大流行的结果，同时考虑到流感和其他呼吸道疾病在大流行期间传播。关于过去的行为和人口结构如何影响以前的大流行结果的知识可以有助于当代人类行为，人口结构和潜在的传染性威胁的知识。该项目还将支持研究地点和研究机构的科学推广和教育活动，研究人员将分析人口异质性的影响，特别是在社会不平等方面，在1918年纽芬兰岛流感大流行期间与四种呼吸道疾病（流感，肺炎，肺结核和支气管炎）相关的死亡率。纽芬兰代表了一个独特的机会，利用历史档案数据重建前工业社会的政治经济，人口和社会结构，直接与其西方邻国相媲美。世纪早期纽芬兰的城市和农村地区的人口和社会经济特征差异很大，因此，研究问题将解决如何年龄，性别，性别分工，拥挤，收入和教育促进社会不平等，导致不同的疾病死亡率。所使用的数据将从纽芬兰拉布拉多省档案馆收集，包括年度生命统计数据、死亡记录、报纸、日记、照片集和文献。生存分析和季节性回归模型将被用来量化全岛的死亡率差异，但定性数据也是至关重要的，以了解男性，女性和儿童在世纪初的文化规范，并对1918年大流行死亡率的人类学观点。该项目由美国国家科学基金会的生物人类学和文化人类学项目共同支持。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

The 1918 influenza pandemic has been studied from the perspectives of epidemiologists, historians, virologists, and social scientists, providing increasingly more insight on how biology and culture interact to result in unequal mortality outcomes. This doctoral dissertation project will investigate population health and social inequalities that contributed to the 1918 pandemic outcomes, taking into account both influenza and other respiratory illnesses that were circulating during the pandemic. Advancing knowledge about how past behaviors and population structure affected previous pandemic outcomes can contribute to contemporary knowledge of human behaviors, population structure, and potential infectious threats. This project will also support science outreach and education activities at the research location and home institution.The investigators will analyze the impact of population heterogeneity, specifically in terms of social inequalities, on mortality associated with four respiratory diseases (influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchitis) during the 1918 influenza pandemic on the island of Newfoundland. Newfoundland represents a unique opportunity for the use of historical archival data to reconstruct the political economy, population, and social structure of a pre-industrial society in a way that is directly comparable to its Western neighbors. Early 20th century Newfoundland's urban and rural regions varied greatly in their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics; therefore, research questions will address how age, sex, gendered divisions of labor, crowding, income, and education facilitate social inequality that leads to differential disease mortality. The data used will be collected from the Provincial Archives of Newfoundland & Labrador, and will include yearly vital statistics, death records, newspapers, diaries, photograph collections, and literature. Survival analysis and seasonal regression models will be used to quantify differential mortality across the island, but qualitative data are also critical to understanding the cultural norms of men, women, and children during the early 20th century, and an anthropological perspective on 1918 pandemic mortality. This project is jointly supported by the NSF's Biological Anthropology and Cultural Anthropology programs.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.