Mid-scale RI-2 Consortium: Biogeochemical-Argo: A global robotic network to observe changing ocean chemistry and biology

中型 RI-2 联盟：生物地球化学-Argo：观察不断变化的海洋化学和生物学的全球机器人网络

• 批准号: 1946578
• 负责人: Kenneth Johnson
• 金额: $ 5294.27万
• 依托单位: Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Cooperative Agreement
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2020-11-01 至 2025-10-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1946578&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Mid; scale; RI; Consortium; Biogeochemical

The ocean covers more than 70% of the surface of our planet. It provides services that are critical for life on Earth, including absorbing 93% of the heat from recent warming and a quarter of human carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions each year. However, rising ocean temperatures and CO2 levels fundamentally alter the marine environment: pH and oxygen levels fall, ocean currents change, and the distribution of nutrients shifts. Each of these changes has impacts on ecosystems and the cycles of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon throughout the ocean and atmosphere. Observing these biogeochemical (BGC) processes over large areas and long time periods has been virtually impossible due to the high costs associated with ship-based measurements. Yet such observations are essential for understanding the natural state of ocean chemistry and biology and for predicting how the ocean system will evolve in the future. The Global Ocean Biogeochemistry (GO-BGC) Array project aims to drive a transformative shift in our ability to observe and predict, at the global scale, the effects of climate change on ocean metabolism, carbon uptake, and living marine resource management. The project team plans to implement an innovative and sustained robotic network of 500 profiling floats carrying chemical and biological sensors, that would take measurements from 2000-meters depth to the surface every 10 days for several years. These floats will be distributed among all of the major ocean basins and will transmit the data to shore via satellite communication systems. Data will be publicly available within 24 hours. In the past, regional arrays of BGC floats have been deployed with great success, but never has there been a global array. This global array has the potential to provide essential observational data in remote areas where there is little to no routine ship traffic and can operate in the harshest sea conditions such as winter in high-latitude environments. Such measurements from the regional SOCCOM (Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle Observations and Modeling) project have resulted in unanticipated discoveries that highlight the need for a global scale array. It is expected that this unprecedented data stream will drive a transformative shift in scientific and public understanding of chemical and biological (biogeochemical) cycling in the ocean at the global scale. The GO-BGC Project is a partnership of researchers from many of the major oceanographic institutions in the U.S. who bring experience in oceanographic data collection and analysis and in public engagement on ocean issues. The Team would engage Kindergarten-12 schools through the “Adopt-a-Float” Program, providing direct contact between students and scientists and involving students through naming and tracking individual floats. The researchers will host seminars and workshops to familiarize the research community with the data streams and how to use them. They will provide training for undergraduates, graduate students, and postdocs in sensor calibration and GO-BGC float deployment and maintenance, directly contributing to the development of the "Blue Workforce." The resulting datasets will be used in classrooms, in scientific research, and in making decisions that move ocean science forward. Societal benefits arise from using the data for weather and climate forecasts as well as in marine resource management.One of the eight priority science questions that came out of the National Research Council’s Sea Change: 2015–2025 Decadal Survey of Ocean Sciences report asked, “How have ocean biogeochemical and physical processes contributed to today’s climate and its variability, and how will this system change over the next century?” The GO-BGC Project would make a major contribution toward answering that question. One of the primary impediments to addressing this question to date has been the lack of continuous biogeochemical measurements on a global scale and during all seasons. Ship-based biogeochemical measurements are made on various individual campaigns in selected parts of the world’s ocean, but data are sparse in time and space, leaving major gaps in our knowledge of biogeochemical processes on a global and regional scales. The GO-BGC Project is the result of over a decade of planning by the oceanographic community to address these gaps. The Project has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the ocean’s role in the global carbon cycle, acidification and deoxygenation of the global ocean, and ecosystem productivity and health.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

海洋覆盖了地球表面的70%以上。它为地球上的生命提供了至关重要的服务，包括吸收最近变暖产生的93%的热量和每年人类二氧化碳（CO2）排放量的四分之一。然而，海洋温度和二氧化碳水平的上升从根本上改变了海洋环境：pH值和氧气水平下降，洋流发生变化，营养物质的分布发生变化。这些变化中的每一个都对生态系统以及整个海洋和大气中的氧、氮和碳的循环产生影响。由于船基测量的成本很高，在大面积和长时间内观察这些地球化学过程几乎是不可能的。然而，这种观测对于了解海洋化学和生物学的自然状态以及预测海洋系统未来将如何演变至关重要。全球海洋生物地球化学（GO-BGC）阵列项目旨在推动我们在全球范围内观察和预测气候变化对海洋新陈代谢，碳吸收和海洋生物资源管理的影响的能力的变革。该项目团队计划实施一个由500个携带化学和生物传感器的剖面浮标组成的创新和持续的机器人网络，该网络将在数年内每10天从2000米深度到表面进行测量。这些浮标将分布在所有主要的海洋盆地，并通过卫星通信系统将数据传送到海岸。数据将在24小时内公开。过去，BGC浮标的区域阵列部署取得了巨大成功，但从未有过全球阵列。这一全球阵列有可能在很少或没有常规船舶交通的偏远地区提供基本的观测数据，并可在最恶劣的海洋条件下运行，如高纬度环境的冬季。来自区域SOCCOM（南大洋碳循环观测和建模）项目的此类测量结果导致了意想不到的发现，突出了对全球尺度阵列的需求。预计这一前所未有的数据流将推动科学和公众对全球范围内海洋中化学和生物（地球化学）循环的理解发生变革性转变。GO-BGC项目是来自美国许多主要海洋学机构的研究人员的合作伙伴关系，他们带来了海洋数据收集和分析以及海洋问题公众参与的经验。该小组将通过“一个浮动”方案与幼儿园-12所学校接触，在学生和科学家之间提供直接联系，并通过命名和跟踪单个浮动让学生参与。研究人员将举办研讨会和讲习班，使研究界熟悉数据流以及如何使用它们。他们将为本科生、研究生和博士后提供传感器校准和GO-BGC浮标部署和维护方面的培训，直接促进“蓝色劳动力”的发展。“由此产生的数据集将用于课堂，科学研究和决策，推动海洋科学向前发展。将这些数据用于天气和气候预报以及海洋资源管理，会产生社会效益。国家研究理事会的《海洋变化》提出了八个优先科学问题之一：2015-2025年海洋科学十年调查报告问道：“海洋地球化学和物理过程如何影响今天的气候及其变化，在下一个世纪，这个体系又将如何变化？”GO-BGC项目将为回答这一问题作出重大贡献。迄今为止，解决这一问题的主要障碍之一是缺乏在全球范围内和在所有季节进行的连续生物地球化学测量。在世界海洋的某些地区，对各种个别活动进行了基于船舶的海洋地球化学测量，但数据在时间和空间上都很稀少，使我们在全球和区域范围内对海洋地球化学过程的了解存在重大空白。GO-BGC项目是海洋学界为解决这些差距而进行的十多年规划的结果。该项目有可能彻底改变我们对海洋在全球碳循环、全球海洋酸化和脱氧以及生态系统生产力和健康中的作用的理解。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

项目成果

Expanding Fleet of Autonomous Floating Robots Targets Deeper Understanding of Global Ocean Dynamics

• DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.01.001
• 发表时间: 2023-01
• 期刊: Engineering
• 影响因子: 12.8
• 作者: Chris Palmer

What’s climate change really doing to the ocean? Ask the robots

气候变化到底对海洋造成了什么影响？

• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Bulletin of the atomic scientists
• 影响因子: 1.3
• 作者: Bif, Mariana B.

Delayed-Mode Quality Control of Oxygen, Nitrate, and pH Data on SOCCOM Biogeochemical Profiling Floats

SOCCOM 生物地球化学剖面浮标上氧气、硝酸盐和 pH 数据的延迟模式质量控制

• DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.683207
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Frontiers in Marine Science
• 影响因子: 3.7
• 作者: Maurer, Tanya L.;Plant, Joshua N.;Johnson, Kenneth S.
• 通讯作者: Johnson, Kenneth S.

OneArgo: A New Paradigm for Observing the Global Ocean

• DOI: 10.4031/mtsj.56.3.8
• 发表时间: 2022-06
• 期刊: Marine Technology Society Journal
• 影响因子: 0.8
• 作者: W. Owens;N. Zilberman;Kendra S. Johnson;H. Claustre;M. Scanderbeg;S. Wijffels;T. Suga

The Technological, Scientific, and Sociological Revolution of Global Subsurface Ocean Observing

全球地下海洋观测的技术、科学和社会革命

• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Oceanography
• 影响因子: 2.8
• 作者: Roemmich, D.;Talley, L.;Zilberman, N.;Osborne, E.;Johnson, K.S.;Barbero, L.;Bittig, H.C.;Briggs, N.;Fassbender, A.J.;Johnson, G.C.
• 通讯作者: Johnson, G.C.