Collaborative Research: Moving with muscles vs. springs: evolutionary biomechanics of extremely fast, small systems

合作研究：肌肉运动与弹簧运动：极快、小型系统的进化生物力学

• 批准号: 2019314
• 负责人: Alfred Crosby
• 金额: $ 0.98万
• 依托单位: University of Massachusetts Amherst
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2020-09-01 至 2023-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2019314&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Moving; muscles; vs.

Movement in biology is most often associated with motor-like mechanisms, such as muscle contractions in animals or hydraulics in plants. However, organisms have another option for generating movement: they can use motor-like mechanisms to load energy into elastic structures, such that pre-loaded, rubber band-like elastic structures generate the movement, instead of motors. Latch-mediated spring actuation generates movement largely or exclusively using stored elastic energy and incorporates latches to mediate energy release, much like controlled release of a coiled spring. This research examines how the size of an organism may determine whether movement is driven by stored elastic energy or direct motor action. Addressing this topic will improve understanding of fundamental physical limits on biological systems and how those limits influence development and evolution. Biological latch-mediated spring actuation generates among the fastest movements ever recorded, which exceed the current capabilities of human engineering to produce extremely fast movements in small, reusable devices. The discoveries from this research can help develop novel engineering devices and materials. This interdisciplinary team of research labs spans biology, physics, and materials science, and will train undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral researchers across four colleges and universities. The research activities will engage the broader public through a Research Experience for Teachers program each summer, alongside expansion of the Muser software program, which helps diverse undergraduates access research experiences in an equitable and transparent way. Latch-mediated spring actuation uses materials, not motors, to generate extremely fast movement in small systems. Energy is loaded into materials prior to movement and latches control loading and release of energy. This research examines the transitions between motor-driven and spring-driven movement within and across organisms. Across growth and development within species, experiments and modeling will test how mantis shrimp (Stomatopoda) maintain their mechanical capabilities and exhibit transitions between motor- and spring-driven movement across eight orders of magnitude of accelerated mass - a key predictor of the physics-based transition between effective motor- and spring-driven movement in any system. Across mantis shrimp species, variation in spring and latch components will be analyzed through statistical comparisons of the tempo (rate of evolutionary change) and mode (pattern of evolutionary change) to establish the key biomechanical factors limiting and promoting evolutionary diversification. Across the tree of life, the influence of accelerated mass and materials on origins and diversification will be tested using phylogenetic comparative analyses. Variation, transitions, and tuning of these mechanisms are informative for engineers designing small, fast, re-usable mechanisms at these extreme spatial and temporal scales. Undergraduates, graduate students, and a postdoctoral researcher will receive interdisciplinary training across the four labs. A Research Experience for Teachers program will provide interdisciplinary research experience and course development centered on these inherently engaging systems. The researchers will use, promote, and develop an open access software platform called Muser which is designed to enhance access and equity for undergraduate research experience.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

生物学中的运动通常与类似马达的机制有关，例如动物的肌肉收缩或植物的水力学。 然而，生物体有另一种产生运动的选择：它们可以使用类似马达的机制将能量加载到弹性结构中，使得预加载的橡胶带状弹性结构产生运动，而不是马达。闩锁介导的弹簧致动主要或专门使用存储的弹性能量来产生运动，并且结合闩锁以介导能量释放，非常像螺旋弹簧的受控释放。 这项研究探讨了生物体的大小如何决定运动是由储存的弹性能量还是直接运动驱动的。解决这个问题将提高对生物系统的基本物理限制以及这些限制如何影响发展和进化的理解。 生物闩锁介导的弹簧致动产生有史以来最快的运动，这超过了人类工程学目前在小型可重复使用的设备中产生极快运动的能力。这项研究的发现可以帮助开发新的工程设备和材料。这个跨学科的研究实验室团队跨越生物学，物理学和材料科学，并将在四所学院和大学培养本科生，研究生和博士后研究人员。研究活动将通过每年夏天的教师研究经验计划吸引更广泛的公众，同时扩大Muser软件计划，帮助不同的本科生以公平和透明的方式获得研究经验。闩锁介导的弹簧驱动使用材料而不是电机来在小型系统中产生极快的运动。能量在运动之前被加载到材料中，并且闩锁控制能量的加载和释放。这项研究探讨了电机驱动和弹簧驱动的运动之间的过渡内和跨生物体。在物种内的生长和发育过程中，实验和建模将测试螳螂虾（口足类）如何保持其机械能力，并在8个数量级的加速质量中表现出电机和弹簧驱动运动之间的转换-这是基于物理学的转换的关键预测因素在任何系统中有效的电机和弹簧驱动运动之间。在螳螂虾物种中，弹簧和闩锁组件的变化将通过克里思（进化变化的速率）和模式（进化变化的模式）的统计比较进行分析，以建立限制和促进进化多样化的关键生物力学因素。在整个生命树中，加速质量和材料对起源和多样化的影响将使用系统发育比较分析进行测试。这些机制的变化、过渡和调整对于工程师在这些极端的空间和时间尺度上设计小型、快速、可重复使用的机制是有益的。本科生，研究生和博士后研究员将在四个实验室接受跨学科培训。教师研究经验计划将提供跨学科的研究经验和课程开发集中在这些固有的参与系统。研究人员将使用、推广和开发一个名为Muser的开放获取软件平台，该平台旨在提高本科生研究经验的获取和公平性。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。