Migration in Tsarist Russia, 1830s to 1914

该研究项目采取了综合的角度来看，季节性农民工迁移（otkhod）和跨大陆的长途迁移（pereselenie）在沙俄从19世纪30年代至1914年。目的是分析移民的结构、形式、程度和变化。此外，它还包括原籍地和目标区域的物质和非物质推拉因素。研究的重点是区域、群体、世代、社会阶层和性别的具体方面。它强调不同类型移徙的相互作用以及对原籍地和目标地区的影响。该项目还涉及在新世界中融入的机会和被排斥的风险。最后，必须考虑到大约100万移民的命运。重新移民真的是失败的一个方面吗？移民们怎么了？他们回到家乡了吗？他们是否重新融入了原来村庄的社区？该项目的设计是一个综合依赖于一个更大的区域研究与高层次的抽象和一个小规模的案例研究与全领域的深度。它涵盖了中央工业区的三个省，人口主要是大俄罗斯族。雅罗斯拉夫尔、卡卢加和特维尔是俄罗斯工作移民比例最高的地区，但也不同程度地参与了长途移民。为了解释农民的迁移模式，有必要分析结构框架条件，如原籍地和目标地区的具体情况，从省一级到那些村庄的社会经济条件，当地传统，网络和区域偏好赚钱。此外，还必须考虑到财产状况、家庭规模和年龄结构以及个人的教育程度、性别和职业技能。这些参数有助于解释为什么工作移民与他们的过去决裂，选择长途移徙，尽管这意味着放弃收入约两年。沙皇政府的补贴和津贴并不能弥补这一收入损失。此外，个人很难评估移徙期间的健康风险。因此，研究的重点是移徙与健康之间的关系。直到最近，现代移民史才开始处理这方面的问题。与以往的研究相比，本项目并没有主要从发展中的工人阶级的轨迹来理解奥特霍德。它侧重于实践和历史因素，而是代表移民及其原籍地区审查后果。由于它没有将两种类型的移徙孤立开来，而是着眼于它们之间的相互作用，因此它有望解释移徙传统特征的变化。

The research project takes a synthesizing perspective on seasonal peasant work migration (otkhod) and transcontinental long distance migration (pereselenie) in Tsarist Russia from the 1830s to 1914. The aim is to analyze structures, forms, extent, and changes of migration. Moreover it covers material and immaterial push und pull factors in places of origin as well in the target regions. The study focuses on specific aspects of region, groups, generation, social strata and gender. It puts emphasis on the interplay of the different types of migration as well as the influences on the places of origin and the target regions. The project also deals with the chances of inclusion and the risks of exclusion within the new world. Finally, it is necessary to take into account the fate of about a million remigrants. Was remigration really an aspect of failure? What did happen to the remigrants? Did they return to their home regions? Were they reintegrated into the community of their old villages?The project is designed as a synthesis relying on a greater area study with a high level of abstraction and a small-scale case study with full depth of field. It covers three provinces of the central industrial region with its population of mainly ethnic Great Russians. Iaroslavl, Kaluga, and Tver featured the highest percentage of work migrants in Russia but participated in the long distance migration to various degrees. In order to explain the peasants patterns of migration, it is necessary to analyze the structural framework conditions such as the specifics in places of origin as well as in the target regions, the socio economic conditions from the province level down to the villages, local traditions, networks and regional preferences to earn money. In addition, it is indispensable to take into consideration the property situation, size and age structure of families as well the degree of education, the aspect of gender and the vocational skills of the individual. These parameters help to explain why the work migrants broke with their past and opted for long distance migration although this meant to renounce earnings for about two years. Subsidies and allowances by the Tsarist State did not compensate for this loss of income. Moreover, it was difficult for the individual to assess the health risks during migration. Therefore, the study focuses on the nexus between migration and health. Only recently, modern migration history started to deal with this aspect.In contrast to previous research, this project does not run out to understand otkhod mainly from trajectory of the developing working class. Focusing on practices and the historical agents, it rather examines the consequences on behalf of the migrants and their regions of origin. Because it does not isolate the two types of migration but looks at their interaction, it promises to explain the changes of the traditional features of migration.