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The concept of crime in criminal law

刑法中犯罪的概念

基本信息

批准号：
251703360
负责人：
Professorin Dr. Frauke Meta Rostalski
金额：
--
依托单位：
Institut für Strafrecht und Strafprozessrecht (ISS)
依托单位国家：
德国
项目类别：
Research Grants
财政年份：
2013
资助国家：
德国
起止时间：
2012-12-31 至 2018-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/251703360?language=en
关键词：
concept crime criminal law

项目摘要

The proposal intends to draft a normative notion of crime that creates a unit between the different phases of necessary criminal evaluation of a certain behavior. This encompasses both the justification of punishment, its consequences for several legal figures of substantive criminal law (f. ex. criminal attempt), sentencing and the criminal process. The same notion of crime applies for each phase of legitimate punishment. Firstly, it is important to establish a theoretical foundation that is the starting point of a normative notion of crime and its elements. This theory abandons preventive models of punishment which only endanger the constitutionally important separation of criminal law and police law. Furthermore, especially theories of general prevention disregard personal dignity. Against this backdrop, the proposal opts for a repressive criminal theory which safeguards the liberal ideal of a rational and equal citizen. Traditional conceptions of crime usually intermingle final and teleological aspects. In contrast to these, the proposed normative notion of crime avoids inner flaws, but consequently implements the necessary entity of criminal theoretical foundation and notion of crime: The committed crime is the reference object of state's reaction to wrongful behavior. Thus, it is reflexive with respect to its reasons of justification and by this unifies 'material and form'. The proposal encompasses all the legal spheres, in which the notion of crime can unfold its relevance. For this reason it can give answers to still open questions in the field of substantive criminal law and sentencing. For example, the research projects highlights the advantages of a system of sentencing proportional to the individual crime. Additionally, one special focus of the proposal is directed to a new definition of crime in criminal process. The traditional naturalistic model of crime earns a lot of criticism from scientific literature. However, there has not been any adequate alternative yet. In contrast to this, the proposal drafts a normative notion of crime, which is unrestrictedly preferable not only because of its clearness. Above all, the concept reveals that it is a common mistake to suppose that there is an opposition between legal certainty and justice. As long as the notion of crime is defined in a normative way there is no such conflict.

该提案打算起草一个规范的犯罪概念，在对某种行为进行必要的刑事评价的不同阶段之间建立一个单位。这包括惩罚的正当性、对实体刑法的几个法律数字（如犯罪未遂）的后果、量刑和刑事程序。同样的犯罪概念适用于合法惩罚的每个阶段。首先，重要的是建立一个理论基础，这是犯罪及其构成要素的规范性概念的起点。这一理论抛弃了预防性的刑罚模式，这种模式只会危及刑法和警察法在宪法上的重要分离。此外，特别是一般预防理论忽视了人格尊严。在此背景下，该提案选择了一种压制性犯罪理论，以维护理性和平等公民的自由主义理想。传统的犯罪概念通常混合了最终和目的两个方面。与此相反，所提出的规范性犯罪概念避免了内在的缺陷，从而实现了犯罪理论基础和犯罪概念的必要实体：所犯的犯罪是国家对不法行为反应的参照对象。因此，就其证明理由而言，它是自反的，并由此统一了“材料与形式”。该建议包括所有法律领域，在这些领域中，犯罪的概念可以展现其相关性。因此，它可以回答实体刑法和量刑领域尚未解决的问题。例如，研究项目强调了与个人犯罪成比例的量刑制度的优势。此外，该提案的一个特别重点是针对刑事程序中的犯罪的新定义。传统的自然主义犯罪模型在科学文献中受到了许多批评。然而，目前还没有任何合适的替代方案。与此相反，该提案起草了一项规范的犯罪概念，这一概念无疑是可取的，不仅因为其明确。最重要的是，这个概念表明，假设法律确定性与正义之间存在对立是一个常见的错误。只要以规范的方式定义犯罪的概念，就不会有这样的冲突。