BII: Polyploidy: Integration Across Scales and Biological Systems

多倍体，即在一个细胞内存在三组或更多组染色体，是基因组、细胞和生物体的普遍特征。多倍体早在100多年前就被发现了，但我们的理解仍然有限，尽管几乎所有的农作物都是多倍体，许多人体器官（如肝脏、心脏和胎盘）都是多倍体，至少三分之一的癌症是多倍体。一个常见的主题是多倍体通常与压力有关，但很少有其他的普遍性出现，部分原因是来自不同领域的研究人员-从细胞生物学到基因组学，农业，癌症和生态学-很少相互作用。多倍体整合与创新研究所将为多倍体研究带来独特的综合方法，通过综合分析，揭示多倍体在细胞、生态系统、植物、动物和真菌中的共性和独特作用。精心挑选的生物系统之间的协调研究计划将作为预测模型的框架，将实验工作扩展到更广泛的领域，对农业、医学、生物多样性保护和生物经济发展产生重要影响。此外，该研究所将通过整合研究、跨学科教育和培训、公众宣传和使科研人员多样化的计划，转变对多倍体及其与社会的相关性的科学认识。多倍体发生在细胞、组织、器官和整个生物体的水平上，并最终导致在生物尺度和不同生物体中发生的变革性下游效应。倍性增加的核型效应（即仅由于DNA含量增加而产生的效应）可能影响细胞大小、基因表达、基因相互作用网络、蛋白质产生等，从而产生一系列潜在的积极和消极结果。多倍体细胞和生物体的优点和局限性的解释仍然难以捉摸，部分原因是没有进行大规模的比较。多倍体整合与创新研究所将对酵母、拟南芥、浮藻、衣藻和果蝇进行协调研究，以检验多倍体存在跨生物组织和有机体系统水平作用的潜在规则这一中心假设。跨这些模型系统的平行实验将测试关于核型效应跨系统的共同影响的特定假设，以及决定多倍体在细胞和有机体水平上成功的规则最终是否适用于种群和景观。由于对多倍体的研究一直是孤立的，这个新的多倍体的细胞、有机体、进化和生态系统水平的预测和定量框架以前是不可能的。与更广泛的科学界的合作将把这种研究范式扩展到许多其他的生命谱系。多倍体固有的跨学科性质反映在与研究所概念研究框架相结合的培训计划中，该计划强调实验和分析方法以及团队科学，数据科学和科学交流的技能。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Polyploidy, or the presence of three or more sets of chromosomes within a cell, is a widespread feature of genomes, cells, and organisms. Polyploidy was discovered over 100 years ago, but our understanding remains limited, even though nearly all agricultural crops are polyploid, many human organs (for example, liver, heart, and placenta) are polyploid, and at least one-third of all cancers are polyploid. A common theme is that polyploidy is often associated with stress, but few other generalities have emerged, in part because researchers across diverse fields—from cell biology to genomics, agriculture, cancer, and ecology—rarely interact. The Polyploidy Integration and Innovation Institute will bring a unique, synthetic approach to the study of polyploidy, with integrated analyses that will uncover both the commonalities and distinct roles of polyploidy in cells to ecosystems and in plants, animals, and fungi. A coordinated research plan across carefully selected biological systems will serve as a framework for predictive models that will extend the experimental work more broadly, with important consequences for agriculture, medicine, conservation of biodiversity, and development of the bioeconomy. Moreover, the Institute will transform scientific understanding of polyploidy and its relevance for society through integration of research, cross-disciplinary education and training, public outreach, and programs to diversify the scientific workforce. Polyploidy occurs at the levels of cells, tissues, organs, and entire organisms and ultimately results in transformative downstream effects that occur across biological scales and diverse organisms. Nucleotypic effects of increased ploidy (that is, effects due to increased DNA content alone) may impact cell size, gene expression, gene interaction networks, protein production, and more, producing a mosaic of potential positive and negative outcomes. Explanations for the advantages and constraints of polyploid cells and organisms remain elusive, in part because broad-scale comparisons have not been made. The Polyploidy Integration and Innovation Institute will conduct coordinated research in yeast, Arabidopsis, duckweed, Chlamydomonas, and fruit flies to test the central hypothesis that there are underlying rules to polyploidy that act across levels of biological organization and organismal systems. Parallel experiments across these model systems will test specific hypotheses about the common impact of nucleotypic effects across systems and whether the rules that determine polyploid success at the cellular and organismal levels ultimately scale to populations and landscapes. This novel predictive and quantitative framework for the cellular, organismal, evolutionary, and ecosystem-level consequences of polyploidy has not previously been possible because research on polyploidy has been siloed. Collaborations with the broader scientific community will extend this research paradigm to many other lineages of life. The inherently interdisciplinary nature of polyploidy is reflected in a training program that is integrated with the Institute’s conceptual research framework and emphasizes experimental and analytical methods as well as skills in team science, data science, and science communication.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.