Geometry of Wasserstein and Transportation Cost Metrics

“Wasserstein-1公制”，也被称为推土机公制，是对概率分布之间距离的测量，量化了将一个分布的质量转移到另一个分布所需的最小成本。这个度量不仅出现在纯数学中，也经常出现在应用数学和计算机科学中。例如，数字图像可以抽象地建模为二维区域上的概率分布，并且在该模型下，Wasserstein距离提供了图像相似性的自然度量。尽管这些指标无处不在，但它们通常很难计算，而且它们的几何性质的很大方面仍然很难理解。本项目旨在推进这一理论，特别强调通过更简单的度量（如欧几里得空间上的经典p-度量）逼近Wasserstein度量。该项目还通过组织有不同演讲者和参与者的会议和研讨会，提高代表性不足群体在数学领域的参与度。在计算两个分布之间的瓦瑟斯坦距离时，传递质量的代价取决于定义分布的基础度量空间的几何形状。该项目的主要目标是对那些Wasserstein-1度量允许biLipschitz嵌入到Banach空间L1中的度量空间进行分类。这个问题的一方面将涉及到在某些度量空间中显示l1嵌入的不存在性，而在这一方面所使用的方法将主要基于分形分析的概念。挑战的另一方面将是证明l1嵌入确实存在于其他度量空间中，为此，计划将几何测量理论和度量几何中的工具结合起来。最后，现有结果的证明方法在很大程度上依赖于巴拿赫空间的线性理论。该项目的另一个主要目标是发展非线性方法，对现有结果产生新的见解，并为通过线性技术无法实现的问题提供解决方案。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

The “Wasserstein-1 metric”, also known as earth mover's metric, is a measurement of distance between probability distributions quantifying the least cost needed to transport the mass of one distribution onto the other. This metric appears not only in pure mathematics, but frequently in applied mathematics and computer science as well. For example, a digital image may be modeled abstractly as a probability distribution over a 2-dimensional region, and the Wasserstein distance provides a natural measurement of similarity of images under this model. Despite their pervasiveness, these metrics are often difficult to compute, and large aspects of their geometric properties remain poorly understood. This project aims to advance this theory, with a particular emphasis on approximations of Wasserstein metrics through simpler metrics, such as the classical p-metrics on Euclidean spaces. The project also serves to increase the participation of underrepresented groups in mathematics through organization of conferences and seminars with diverse speakers and participants.In calculating the Wasserstein distance between two distributions, the cost of transporting mass depends on the geometry of the underlying metric space on which the distributions are defined. A main goal of the project is to classify those metric spaces whose Wasserstein-1 metric admits a biLipschitz embedding into the Banach space L1. One side of this question will involve showing the nonexistence of L1-embeddings for certain metric spaces, and on this side the methodology to be used will largely be based on concepts from analysis on fractals. The other side of the challenge will be to show that L1-embeddings do exist for other metric spaces, and towards this end an incorporation of tools from geometric measure theory and metric geometry is planned. Finally, the current methods of proof for existing results rely heavily on the linear theory of Banach spaces. Another main goal of this project is to develop nonlinear methods that yield new insights into existing results as well as provide approaches toward solutions of questions unattainable via linear techniques.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.