Beyond Logic: Hypothetical Reasoning in Philosophy of Science, Informatics, and Law

在以前的项目中，我们已经从逻辑的角度研究了假设推理。这个新项目的目标是在非逻辑领域进行假设推理。我们的主要观点是，逻辑研究必须证明在逻辑之外是有用的，反之，逻辑研究必须考虑逻辑在‘现实世界’中的应用方式。因此，当我们超越逻辑时，我们通过思考假设推理的全部内容，从内部转向外部。作为这种超逻辑领域，我们选择了科学哲学作为哲学中的应用，信息学作为形式科学中的应用，法律作为社会互动领域中的应用。在这些领域中，假设推理的思想都发挥着突出的作用，可以作为我们逻辑理论的测试案例。我们特别感兴趣的是，我们在逻辑研究中所倡导和推进的证明论观点在多大程度上与这些主题有关。假设的概念在科学哲学中扮演着重要的角色，这是一个陈词滥调，因为科学理论是经过经验检验的假设，并用于经验解释。我们声称，通过采用我们的证明论观点，科学哲学中的几个悬而未决的问题可以得到解决，或者至少可以更恰当地分析，例如通过使用蕴涵或亚结构逻辑的建构性概念。就像在法律中一样，假设推理是丰富的，因为法律是通过推导结果作为假设来应用法律的。在这里，我们再次声称，我们的证明论观点将被证明是有用的，因为它提供了从结构化句子中提取内容的新方法。在信息学中，我们遇到了逻辑，特别是证明论，已经应用于硬件和软件验证等各个领域的情况。在这里，我们主要感兴趣的是相反的方向，即这种逻辑方法的应用如何塑造或应该塑造逻辑本身的形式。我们的主张是，事实上就是这种情况，导致了逻辑中的某种“范式变化”，其中证明理论将发挥比目前更突出的作用。在我们的主项目中，我们将提供用于分析应用程序的三个领域中的逻辑推理的逻辑工具，并调查这些应用程序如何反馈到逻辑概念本身。在与科学哲学、信息学和法学相对应的三个单独的项目中，我们将研究假设推理在这些领域采取的特殊形式。

In previous projects, we have investigated hypothetical reasoning from a logical point of view. This new project targets hypothetical reasoning in extra-logical areas. Our leading viewpoint is that logical investigations must prove useful outside logic, and conversely, that logical investigations must take into account the way logic is applied in the 'real world'. Thus we switch from an internal to an external perspective by considering what hypothetical reasoning is all about when we go beyond logic.As such extra-logical areas we have chosen philosophy of science as an application within philosophy, informatics as an application within the formal sciences, and law as an application within the field of social interaction. In each of these areas the idea of hypothetical reasoning plays a prominent role which can be used as a test case for our logical theories. We are particularly interested in how far the proof-theoretic perspective we have advocated and advanced in our logical investigations pertains to these subjects.That the notion of hypothesis plays a prominent role in philosophy of science is a platitude, as scientific theories are hypotheses subjected to empirical test and used for empirical explanation. We claim that by adopting our proof-theoretic perspective, several open questions in philosophy of science can be solved or at least more appropriately analysed, for example by using constructive notions of implication or substructural logics.Likewise in law hypothetical reasoning is abundant, as laws are applied by deriving consequences from them as hypotheses. Here, again, we claim that our proof-theoretic perspective will prove useful, as it provides novel methods to extract content from structured bodies of sentences.In informatics we have the situation that logic, and in particular proof theory, has been applied in various fields such as the verification of hardware and software. Here we are predominantly interested in the opposite direction, namely in how this application of logical methods shapes or should shape the form of logic itself. Our claim is that this is in fact the case, leading to some sort of 'paradigm change' in logic where proof theory is going to play a more prominent role than it is playing currently.In our Master Project we shall provide the logical tools used to analyse logical reasoning in the three areas of applications and investigate how these applications feed back into the concept of logic itself. In three Individual Projects, which correspond to philosophy of science, informatics, and law, we shall study the particular forms hypothetical reasoning takes in these fields.