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All action aims at the good. An inquiry into the fundamental principle of Plato's Theory of Action

一切行动都是为了善。

基本信息

批准号：
275066623
负责人：
Dr. Sebastian Odzuck
金额：
--
依托单位：
依托单位国家：
德国
项目类别：
Research Grants
财政年份：
2015
资助国家：
德国
起止时间：
2014-12-31 至 2020-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/275066623?language=en
关键词：
action aims good.inquiry into

项目摘要

On several occasions Plato makes the claim that all our actions seek the good (=IT). Although all scholars have emphasized the importance of this claim, a systematic discussion of the IT and the problems it involves has not yet been made. My project aims at filling this gap through a thorough and careful examination of this claim. In my project I intend to show what exactly the IT asserts and to present a reconstruction of the arguments Plato presents for this claim. Does this claim for instance state, as many scholars have thought, that when we act, we seek to obtain things which we think are good, although in fact they might very well be not good at all? Or, does Plato mean to say that by acting we desire the good in a stronger sense, as all our actions aim at things that not only appear to be, but actually are good. If Plato indeed holds the latter view, then his thesis seems utterly absurd, since we quite often do and aspire things that we know are bad or that in the end turn out not to be good, although we thought differently. But also the weaker reading, according to which all action aims at things that merely appear to be good, is far from being self-evident. One possible objection would be to say that with my actions I can intentionally aim at bad things quite well - a position that indeed is held by contemporary philosophers. Nevertheless, Plato on several different occasions seems to presuppose that the IT is true and to present arguments for this claim. In my inquiry I will proceed in the following four steps: In a first step, I inquire into Plato's motivation behind discussing the IT. After that I deal with Plato's account of the teleological structure of action and examine the relation that in principle may exist between an action and the good by which this action is guided. In my third step, I discuss the different ways of understanding what the IT says according to the scholarly literature. In discussing the research on this topic I will develop my own reading of the IT. In the final step, I deal with those aspects of Plato's theory of desire that are relevant for my project in order to decide whether my reading of the IT is appropriate or another reading is more favourable. The claim underlying my project is that the IT is the fundamental principle of Plato's Theory of Action and that Plato holds this thesis throughout all phases of his work. Furthermore, I argue that an appropriate understanding of the IT is only possible if it is conceived as a thesis that relates to different forms of human desire in different ways.

柏拉图曾多次宣称，我们所有的行为都是为了追求善（=IT）。虽然所有的学者都强调了这一主张的重要性，但尚未对信息技术及其所涉及的问题进行系统的讨论。我的项目旨在通过对这一主张进行彻底和仔细的审查来填补这一空白。在我的项目中，我打算展示它到底主张什么，并提出柏拉图对此主张提出的论点的重建。例如，这一主张是否像许多学者所认为的那样，指出当我们行动时，我们寻求获得我们认为是好的东西，尽管事实上它们很可能根本不是好的？或者，柏拉图的意思是说，通过行动，我们在更强的意义上渴望善，因为我们所有的行动都是为了那些不仅看起来是善的，而且实际上是善的东西。如果柏拉图确实持有后一种观点，那么他的论点似乎完全荒谬，因为我们经常做和渴望我们知道是坏的或最终证明不是好的事情，尽管我们有不同的想法。但是，较弱的阅读，即所有行动的目的只是看起来是好的，也远非不言自明。一个可能的反对意见是说，我的行为可以很好地有意地瞄准坏事--这一立场确实为当代哲学家所持有。尽管如此，柏拉图在几个不同的场合似乎预设了它是真实的，并提出了这一主张的论据。在我的研究中，我将按以下四个步骤进行：第一步，我探讨柏拉图讨论信息技术的动机，然后我处理柏拉图对行动的目的论结构的解释，并考察原则上可能存在于行动和指导该行动的善之间的关系。在我的第三步中，我讨论了根据学术文献理解IT所说的不同方法。在讨论这个主题的研究时，我将发展我自己对信息技术的阅读。在最后一步，我处理柏拉图的欲望理论中与我的项目相关的那些方面，以决定我对信息技术的阅读是否合适，或者另一种阅读是否更有利。我的项目的主张是，信息技术是柏拉图的行动理论的基本原则，柏拉图在他的工作的所有阶段都坚持这一论点。此外，我认为，一个适当的理解，它是唯一可能的，如果它被视为一个论文，涉及到不同形式的人类欲望以不同的方式。