(New) Political Representative Claims: A Global View (France, Germany, Brazil, China, India)

欧洲目前正经历一场既定政治代表形式的危机，这从政治不信任的增加可见一斑。要求恢复政治代表权的各种说法正在世界各地涌现。大多数当代研究侧重于单一国家内的选举/授权代表问题。因此，我们缺乏对代议制政治制度之外发展的(新的)代议制主张的比较、全球分析；而在全球南方发展的动态，包括非民主实体，被西方学者忽视。我们的研究旨在通过透视法国和德国以及巴西、印度和中国这三个金砖国家的代表权主张来解决这些差距。法国和德国是欧洲两个积极尝试新代表制概念的主要民主国家。在德国和法国政治理论的基础上，我们的概念框架偏离了在选举和授权主张的背景下考虑政治代表性的标准方式。我们认为，虽然授权代表仍然很重要，但它没有考虑到关键的当代事态发展。我们的前提是，政治代表与新的代表主张的(重新)出现越来越相关，即行为者声称以他人的名义发言/行动的情况。这种说法通常是基于对虚假陈述的谴责，而他们假装纠正了这一点。然而，尽管世界各地的代表性索赔种类越来越多，但缺乏一个全面的概念框架和类型学，以便更深入地了解这些索赔，我们将解决这一概念差距。在接受审查的五个国家中，我们将确定提出、批评或证明有理由提出(似乎)新的代表性索赔的不同情况。通过精心设计的共同方法论框架，我们的研究将追求从全球、跨国的角度分析代表人债权发展的目标。为了达到这一目标，我们集中在两个研究领域。(1)在每个国家的三次国家辩论期间在国家一级(国家议会和媒体)提出的代表主张；(2)在国家以下一级的三个参与性手段中提出的代表主张。在这两个层面上，代表主张都是正当的，因为据称在特定的代表机构内对某些群体进行了歪曲陈述。我们将依靠数据收集的定性方法，并应用调整后的代表索赔分析进行数据分析。为了扩大我们的调查结果，我们将遵循案例思维的方法，确定代表性索赔的模式，发展一种可应用于术语法、分类法和启发式方法的类型学，并在现代民主理论的背景下将调查结果理论化。

Europe currently experiences a crisis of established forms of political representation, visible in increasing political distrust. Various claims to renew political representation are emerging all over the world. Most contemporary research focuses on electoral/mandate representation within single countries. As a result, we lack a comparative, global analysis of (new) representative claims developed outside the representative political system; and dynamics developing in the Global South, including non-democratic entities, are neglected by Western scholars. Our research intends to address these gaps by putting into perspective representative claims in France and Germany, two leading democracies in Europe actively experimenting with new concepts of representation, and in three BRICS states: Brazil, India, and China. Building on German and French political theory, our conceptual framework departs from standard ways of considering political representation in the context of electoral and mandate claims. We argue that while mandate representation remains important, it fails to account for crucial contemporary developments. Our premise is that political representation is increasingly related to the (re)emergence of new representative claims, i.e. situations in which an actor claims to speak/act in the name of others. Such claims are most often based on the denunciation of misrepresentation, which they pretend to correct. However, in spite of the increasing variety of representative claims around the world, a comprehensive conceptual framework and a typology allowing a deeper understanding of these claims are missing and we will address this conceptual gap. In the five countries under scrutiny, we will identify different situations in which (seemingly) new representative claims are raised, criticized or justified. Proceeding through a carefully designed common methodological framework, our research will pursue the objective of analyzing developments of representative claims from a global, transnational perspective. To reach this objective we focus on 2 research fields. (i) representative claims at the national level (national parliaments and media) raised during three national debates in each country; (ii) representative claims raised in three participatory devices at the subnational level. At both levels representative claims are justified with alleged misrepresentation of certain groups within the given representative bodies. We will rest on qualitative methods for data collection and apply the adjusted Representative Claim Analysis for data analyses. To scale up our findings, we will follow the case-thinking approach, identify patterns of representative claims, develop a typology which can be applied for terminological, classificatory and heuristic means, and theorize the findings in the context of modern democratic theory.