From Ritual Openness to Juridical Disambiguation: The Relationship of the Papacy to the Normans and Hohenstaufen in Southern Italy (11th-13th Centuries)

教皇从1059年开始与诺曼征服者的关系，从1130年到西西里的诺曼国王，最后从1194到1268年与他们的霍亨斯陶芬继承人的关系，在意大利南部的历史上具有核心意义。特别是，德国学者将这种关系视为一种封建纽带，以封建法体系(Lehnsrecht)的规范来解释核心发展，该体系被认为决定了有关各方可能采取的行动和动机的范围。然而，自从苏珊·雷诺兹出版了《封地和附庸》一书以来，封建解释在解释中世纪晚期的政治关系方面已经失去了以前无可挑战的主导地位。从这场当代的学术辩论中推断出来，并纳入文化历史问题，该项目旨在从一个全新的角度来看待这个问题。通过将重点转向历史资料中记录的传播过程以及通过象征和仪式实践而有形的传播过程，再加上对所涉事件的严格背景分析，将克服目前在宪政历史研究中占主导地位的僵化类别和规范。这一新解读旨在实现对教皇与意大利南部尺子关系的重新评估。在这方面，有必要分析12世纪日益增多的法律歧义对当事各方如何看待和理解自己和对方的影响。两党在以前的会议上对象征性行为的看法是否发生了变化，是否导致对早在12世纪就开始的关系进行了回顾重新评估？

The relations of the papacy first to the Norman conquerors from 1059, thereafter, from 1130 to the Norman Kings of Sicily, and finally to their Hohenstaufen heirs from 1194 to 1268 are of central importance for the history of Southern Italy. In particular German scholars have viewed this relationship as a feudal bond, explaining thus central developments in terms of the norms of a supposed system of feudal law (Lehnsrecht) which is thought to have determined the spectrum of possible actions and motives of the involved parties. However, since Susan Reynoldsʼ book ‘Fiefs and vassals', feudal explanations have lost their formerly unchallenged dominance for the interpretation of political ties in the High Middle Ages. Extrapolating from this contemporary scholarly debate and incorporating cultural-historical questions this project aims to view the question from a fundamentally new perspective. By turning the focus on both the communication processes recorded in the historical sources as well as those tangible through symbolic and ritual practices, in addition to a rigorous contextualization of the events in question, the rigid categories and norms currently dominant in constitutional history research will be overcome. This new reading aims to achieve a reassessment of the relationship between the Papacy and the rulers of Southern Italy. In this context it will be necessary to analyze the effects of the increasing legal disambiguation in the 12th century on how the parties perceived and understood themselves and their counterparts. Did a changed perception of the symbolic acts that were displayed in previous meetings of the two parties result in a retrospective re-evaluation of the relationship that began as early as in the 12th century?