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Past Tense Morphology in Tense and Modality

时态和情态的过去时形态

基本信息

批准号：
289431000
负责人：
Professor Dr. Manfred Krifka
金额：
--
依托单位：
Seminar für Englische Philologie
依托单位国家：
德国
项目类别：
Research Grants
财政年份：
2016
资助国家：
德国
起止时间：
2015-12-31 至 2020-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/289431000?language=en
关键词：
Past Tense Morphology Modality

项目摘要

In typical cases, past tense morphology simply marks that the event expressed by the verb or predicate is located prior to the time of utterance. But this is not always the case. For example, in the embedded clause of (1) past tense conveys, in its prominent reading, that the embedded clause expresses that the car owning holds at the time of Johns dream. In such Sequence-of-Tense cases, the contribution of past tense appears vacuous.(1) John dreamed he had a car.In other cases, past tense seems to express something different than reference to the past. In counterfactual conditionals like (2)a, the past tense in the antecedent conveys that she does not own a car right now, as opposed to (2)b which is neutral with respect to whether or not she owns a car.(2) a. If she had a car now, she could drive to school.b. If she has a car now, she can drive to school.Sometimes, past tense is compatible with reference to times in the future, as in (3). In some languages, past tense morphology may be used in imperatives, even though imperatives, being performative, generally require a present or future interpretation (4). And finally, past tense morphology can sometimes convey particular speech acts, as shown in (5).(3) We were meeting up tonight at 7pm, right? (Uttered before 7pm)(4) Had dat eerder gedaan! (Dutch)Had that earlier done(You better had done that earlier.)(5) a. I had a beer, please. (uttered to a waiter)b. What was your name?Even though these phenomena all have been analysed independently from each other, they have never been analysed under one perspective. There is no theory, yet, of past tense morphology that explains all these meaning aspects. Also, as the cross-linguistic variation with respect to the meaning of past tense morphology has not been systematically investigated, it is unknown yet whether these five addressed phenomena are cross-linguistically correlated or not. However, if they are typologically related, this calls for a more integrated theory of past tense morphology. Hence what is needed is an overarching perspective on past tense morphology that covers all its usages. This project provides this perspective. In short, we aim to achieve the following goals: I. A description of the potential typological correlations between the phenomena discussed above and the way they are manifested on the basis of a cross-linguistic investigation of language sample consisting of 25 unrelated and well-spread languages and on the basis of a smaller number of in-depth studies of particular languages; II. A systematic description and understanding of the range of cross-linguistic variation of the phenomena outlined above; III. An overarching perspective and understanding of the syntax, semantics, pragmatics and typology of past morphology, such that the co-occurrence of the discussed phenomena, as well as their typological correlations and their ranges of cross-linguistic variation can be naturally captured.

在典型情况下，过去时词法只是标记动词或谓词所表达的事件位于话语时间之前。但情况并不总是如此。例如，在(1)过去时态的嵌入从句中，在其突出的读法中，该嵌入从句表示在约翰做梦的时候拥有汽车。在这种时态顺序的情况下，过去时的作用似乎是空洞的。(1)约翰梦见他有一辆车。在其他情况下，过去时似乎表达了与过去不同的东西。在像(2)a这样的反事实条件句中，先行词中的过去式表示她现在没有车，而(2)b表示她是否有车。(2)a.如果她现在有车，她可以开车上学。如果她现在有车，她可以开车去学校。有时，过去时与将来的时间是兼容的，如(3)。在一些语言中，过去时形态可以用在祈使句中，尽管祈使句是表演性的，通常需要现在或将来的解释(4)。最后，过去时词法有时可以传达特定的言语行为，如(5)所示。(3)我们今晚7点见面，对吗？(晚上7点前说)(4)吃了一顿大餐！(荷兰语)如果早点做的话(你最好早点做)我要一杯啤酒。(对服务员说)你叫什么名字？尽管这些现象都是相互独立地分析的，但从来没有从一个角度来分析。到目前为止，还没有关于过去时形态的理论来解释所有这些意义方面。此外，由于过去时形态意义的跨语言变异还没有得到系统的研究，这五种现象是否具有跨语言相关性还不得而知。然而，如果它们在类型学上是相关的，这就需要一个更完整的过去时词法理论。因此，我们需要的是一个涵盖所有用法的过去时词法的总体视角。本项目提供了这一观点。简而言之，我们的目标是实现以下目标：1.描述上述现象之间的潜在类型关联及其表现方式，其基础是对25种无关且广泛传播的语言进行跨语言调查，并在对特定语言进行少量深入研究的基础上；2.系统地描述和理解上述现象的跨语言变异的范围；对过去词法的句法、语义、语用和类型学的总体观点和理解，以便能够自然地捕捉到所讨论的现象的共现，以及它们的类型学关联和跨语言变异的范围。