OSAKA INFANT AND FAMILY DEVELOPMENT

美国和日本的比较研究是在60个月的观察。该观察范式由5个独立事件和5个自由游戏事件组成。美国被试在压力游戏中表现出更强的攻击性，当他们要求母亲捡起玩具时，他们会向母亲提出更多的问题。与此相反，日本的受试者在压力游戏中更自我控制，更服从母亲的要求作为玩具拿起。例如，当玩具被清除到丙烯酸闩锁盒中时，没有人打开玩具盒，并且执行玩具拾取较少的情绪困扰。在6岁时，进行了两次观察。第一种观察范式旨在增加儿童的压力反应。他们要求抄写一篇作文.在此观察之前，当他/她参与观察时，所有儿童从未被要求进行任何类型的研究。然而，当他们进入实验室时， ...更多信息 y，母亲要求用桌子上的标本做抄写。当孩子完成这项任务时，妈妈要求复制另外4种不同的标本，这是她自己做的。在这项任务中，男女儿童之间的巨大性别差异被揭示出来。男孩的注意力总是集中在玩具上，所以在模仿方面比较困难。他们需要几乎两倍于女性的抄写时间。这表明他们在这种情况下更加沮丧。第二个观察范式揭示了男女儿童行为倾向的显著差异。观察是以三名同性成员为单位进行的。男性儿童在游戏中表现出更积极的互动行为，如粗暴和践踏游戏，更多的对话，更多的亲社会行为，如交换玩具，交换角色，进行讨论等;而女性儿童在游戏中不进行对话，不交换玩具，更多的自我保护。因此，我们发现女性群体的互动模式非常有限。由于录像机行为编码的困难，观测数据还不能统计。因此，本财年发表的文章使用了13个月、18个月、24个月和30个月的数据。需要对随后的年龄进行进一步分析。少

The comparative study between United States and Japan was intended on 60 months observation. This observation paradigm was consisted by 5 independent episodes and 5 free play episodes. The American subjects displayed more aggressive during the stress play and asked more question towards the mother when they required toy pick up by the mother. In contrast to this, Japanese subjects were more self-controlled during the stress play and more obedient for their mothers' requirements as toy pick up. For instance, nobody opened toy box when the toy were clear away into the acrylic latched box and performed toy pick up less emotional distress. During 6 year olds, two observations were done. The first observation paradigm was intended to increase the stress reactions for the child. They required to copy a composition. Before this observation, all of the child was never required for any kind of study when he/she was participating to the observations. However, when they entered into the laborator … More y, the mother asked to do copy writing using the specimen on the table. When the child finished this task, mother required to copy another 4 different kinds of specimen which made by herself. The huge amount of sex differences between male and female children were revealed during this task. Male child had a more difficulties to do copy because their concern always focused on the toys. They needed almost twice time of copy work when compared to female. This suggests that they were more frustrated on this situation. The second observation paradigm revealed a very contrasted behavior tendencys between male and female children. The observation was done using a unit of three same sex members. Male groups showed more active interactions such as rough and tramble play, more conversation, and more prosocial behavior like as exchanging toys, exchanging the role,making discussion and so on. By contrast, many female children did not interact with conversation, exchange toys, and more protect by herself. Therefore, we found very restrictive interaction patterns on the female groups. As the difficulties of behavior coding from the VTR, the observation data dose not statistics yet. The published articles, therefore, during this fiscal year used 13-, 18-, 24-, and 30-months data. Further analyses are required on the subsequent ages. Less