The Chinese scholar-officials' hobbies and lives

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This study, which will be completed in this year, has entered upon a phase where we must give a summary of its results.While every effort has been made to collect research data in this year as well as in the previous year, each researcher has been engaged in his own assigned task. As a result, the report, entitled "The Chinese scholar-officials' hobbies and lives" , is being prepared for pubulication. The volume includes five papers, two of which were revised versions of the papers given at the meeting held in 1991. One is T.Murakami's paper, entitled "Er-chen and Yi-min" ('disloyal ministers who collaborate with conqueror and surviving retainers of the former dynasty '), where he demonstrates how men of letters were getting on in life during the period of change from the Song to the Yuan dynasty. The other is T.Terada's paper, "On the meaning of 'chu-jiu' ", where he shows that 'chu-jiu' in Tang-Song times was a kind of adventurous borrowing and lending. K.Yamada, "On the amusement of … More the ruling class in ancient China ",argues that the clear distinction between 'hobby' and 'amusement' correlates with whether the idea of 'pureness' existed or not, and that the so-called 'four arts' of 'string instrument, chess, calligraphy and painting' were regarded as 'hobbies' only in the late period of the Later Han Empire when the idea of 'pureness' was established. In his paper, "Games and gambling in ancient China ", T.Terada surveys aspects of various types of gambling, from the point of view that all games where people contend for victory can be objects of gambling, and provides a detailed argument especially about 'gambling and chess'. M.Hanato, "On the palatalization of velars in Ancient Chinese", deals with an important problem in Chinese phonology. One of the innovative aspects seems to be that in accounting for this phonological process, he makes use of essays and notes which represent the products of intellectual activities of scholar-officials.Through two years of joint research, we hope to have obtained good results, and furthermore we need to carry on with our research into the subuject. Less