The Chinese scholar-officials' hobbies and lives

这项将于今年完成的研究进入了一个必须总结结果的阶段。在尽一切努力收集今年和前一年的研究数据的同时，每个研究人员都在从事自己分配的任务。因此，这份题为《中国士大夫的爱好与生活》的报告正在筹备出版。该卷包括五篇论文，其中两篇是1991年会议上发表的论文的修订本。一篇是村上的论文，题为《二臣一民》，展示了宋元更迭时期文人的生活状况。另一篇是T·Terada的论文《初九的意义》，他认为唐宋时期的初九是一种冒险的借贷方式。K.Yamada在《论古代中国统治阶级…More的娱乐》一文中认为，爱好与娱乐的明确区分关系到是否存在纯净的观念，所谓的弦、棋、书、画四艺，只有在汉朝后期确立了纯净的观念时，才被认为是爱好。寺田在其《古代中国的游戏与赌博》一文中，从一切争夺胜利的游戏都可以成为赌博对象的观点出发，对各种赌博的各个方面进行了考察，并对“赌博与象棋”进行了详细的论证。花户先生的《古汉语贝拉的舌化问题》是汉语音韵学研究中的一个重要问题。其中一个创新之处似乎是，在解释这一音系过程时，他采用了代表士大夫智力活动产物的散文和笔记。通过两年的联合研究，我们希望取得良好的成果，而且我们还需要继续对子课题的研究。较少

This study, which will be completed in this year, has entered upon a phase where we must give a summary of its results.While every effort has been made to collect research data in this year as well as in the previous year, each researcher has been engaged in his own assigned task. As a result, the report, entitled "The Chinese scholar-officials' hobbies and lives" , is being prepared for pubulication. The volume includes five papers, two of which were revised versions of the papers given at the meeting held in 1991. One is T.Murakami's paper, entitled "Er-chen and Yi-min" ('disloyal ministers who collaborate with conqueror and surviving retainers of the former dynasty '), where he demonstrates how men of letters were getting on in life during the period of change from the Song to the Yuan dynasty. The other is T.Terada's paper, "On the meaning of 'chu-jiu' ", where he shows that 'chu-jiu' in Tang-Song times was a kind of adventurous borrowing and lending. K.Yamada, "On the amusement of … More the ruling class in ancient China ",argues that the clear distinction between 'hobby' and 'amusement' correlates with whether the idea of 'pureness' existed or not, and that the so-called 'four arts' of 'string instrument, chess, calligraphy and painting' were regarded as 'hobbies' only in the late period of the Later Han Empire when the idea of 'pureness' was established. In his paper, "Games and gambling in ancient China ", T.Terada surveys aspects of various types of gambling, from the point of view that all games where people contend for victory can be objects of gambling, and provides a detailed argument especially about 'gambling and chess'. M.Hanato, "On the palatalization of velars in Ancient Chinese", deals with an important problem in Chinese phonology. One of the innovative aspects seems to be that in accounting for this phonological process, he makes use of essays and notes which represent the products of intellectual activities of scholar-officials.Through two years of joint research, we hope to have obtained good results, and furthermore we need to carry on with our research into the subuject. Less