A practical study on "fan-qie"

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"Fan-qie" is a kind of Chinese traditional manners which notes the pronunciation of one character by two different ones. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the practical aspects of fan-qie philologically under Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from 1995 to 1997. In 1995 I mainly collected relevant materials from various resources, which include descriptions about fan-qie in the introductions or epilogues of rhyme tables (deng-yun-tu) , in local rhyme books (yun-shu) compiled during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and in essays since the Tang dynasty. In 1996 I continued to collect the data relevant to fan-qie, and investigated these data. My analysis clarifies the following points regarding fan-qie :1. The descriptions of the manners by which the pronunciation of one character could be sorted out did exist in local rhyme books during the Ming and Qing dynasties. There were various manners to sort out the pronunciation by fan-qie.2. Two separate classes of fan-qie are to be … More noted among the fan-qie types which occur in literature.In 1997, too, I continued to amass a sizable amount of evidence drawn from various resouces, and prepared to compile a series of monographs, the first of which is the paper entitled "An introduction to the practical study of fan-qie." This paper shows two fundamental points :1. At the beginning of time when the method of fan-qie was worked out, two characters used in fan-qie were repeated orally to determine the pronunciation of the character involved, but after the establishment of the study of rhyme tables (deng-yun-xue) , the determination of the pronunciation of characters by fan-qie was made with the help of new knowledge obtained from this study.2. Because of drastic phonological change from Ancient Chinese down to Middle Chinese, people found difficulties in sorting out the pronunciation by fan-qie, with the result that the formerly used fan-qie was improved in order to determine the pronunciation more easily on the one hand, and a great variety of rhyme books and phonological books which explained the principles of fan-qie was published throughout the Qing dynasty on the other hand. Less