A comparative study of the concept of Virtue in the thought of Leonardo and Machiavelli

我首先从列奥纳多和马基雅维利的著作中摘录了有关权力、力量、美德、自然和人的术语和概念，并考察了他们对这些术语的定义。然后分析他们思想中共同的元素，揭示文艺复兴文化中自然和人的基本概念，这是两位科学家的典型表达。我研究的中心是对列奥纳多和马基雅维利所表达的美德概念的分析。他们使用的“美德”一词不是传统意义上的，而是指实现某事的精神和身体力量。他们有一种非常现代的科学态度，只要它在物质世界中真正起作用并产生影响，他们就认可它的精神和超自然价值。在对德性分析的基础上，我发表了一篇论文，题为《文艺复兴时期的人，以列奥纳多和马基雅维利为代表的德性作为一种力量的概念的形成》。在考虑了他们对水的看法后，我发现水的运动和力量的形象是他们对人的概念的隐喻，于是我用意大利语写了一篇关于“Eros e Thanatos nel pensiero di Leonardo e di Machiavelli”（列奥纳多和马基雅维利思想中的Eros和Thanatos）的论文。同时，我将伦纳德对水运动的科学研究与他的素描和油画相比较，证明了他的流体动力学定律具体应用于他所画的植物形象，并在《鸢尾花、毛发和水流——通过分析画中所表现植物的特征来尝试确定卢浮宫《岩间圣母》的年代——》中发表了一篇论文。

I extracted at first from writings of Leonardo and Machiavelli, terms and concepts concerning Power, Force, Virtue, Nature and Man, and examined the definitions given by them to these terms. Then analyzing the elements seen in common in their thoughts, I exposed the basic concepts of Nature and Man in the Renaissance culture, expressed typically by these two scientists.In the center of my research is the analysis of the concept of Virtue, expressed by Leonardo and Machiavelli. They use the word "Virtue" not in its traditional sense, but in the sense of mental and physical power to achieve something. They have a very modern scientific attitude and approve its spiritual and supernatural values as far as it really acts and produces an effect in the physical world. On the basis of this analysis of Virtue, I pubblished a paper on "The formation of the concept of Virtue as a power in the Renaissance Man, expressed by Leonardo and Machiavelli" . After considering their ideas on water, I discovered that the image of movement and power of water is used as a metaphor of their concept of Man, and I wrote a paper in Italian on "Eros e Thanatos nel pensiero di Leonardo e di Machiavelli" (Eros and Thanatos in the thought of Leonardo and Machiavelli) .At the same time, comparing Leonard's scientific studies on the movement of water with his drawings and paintings, I demonstrated that his laws of fluid dynamics are applied concretely to the figures of plants drawn by himself, and I pubblished a paper in "Iris, hairs and water currents---an attempt of dating of "Virgin of the Rocks" at Louvre through my analysis of characteristics of plants represented in the picture---" .