Terms of Trade in Japanese Agriculture ---A comparative Analysis with US.and EC in 1980's---

日本、美国和欧共体国家在“农业部门贸易条件”方面的变化过程存在差异。自20世纪60年代以来，日本农业部门的贸易条件一直在增加，除了70年代初实行的水稻种植面积限制计划。自20世纪70年代中期以来，美国农业部门的贸易条件一直在下降。大川博士解释了战前日本农产品贸易长期呈增长趋势的原因，认为“大米”在日本具有“C”的特征。贸易理论中的商品分类是由j.r.希克斯提出的，他将可贸易的商品分为A类，将不可贸易的商品分为B类，将可贸易但价格主要由国内因素决定的商品分为C类。他还明确了分析的含义，结论是食品加工业的发展可能会削弱日本农业中的“C因素”。该研究考察了日本农业在贸易方面变化更大的原因，确定了农产品和投入的可贸易商品和不可贸易商品。自20世纪50年代以来，大米的份额下降了30%，降至25%，乳制品和蔬菜分别增加到27%和24%。尽管日本的农业政策偏向于保持“C因子”的稻米部门，但农民在20世纪80年代的农业贸易自由化中种植了更多竞争力较低的产品。采用先进的仓储技术和先进的配送系统，为稳定的市场供应农产品提供了可能。这些影响在很大程度上促成了贸易方面的良好局面。另一方面，农业投入产业的绩效很低。与进口价格相比，农业投入品价格保持高位。利用进口投入品是改善农民状况的有效途径。研究表明，在化肥的情况下，成本降低的影响，估计了推导出的需求弹性。少

The changing course in terms of "term of trade in agricultural sector" shows the difference among Japan, US and EC countries.The terms of trade in Japanese agricultural sector has increased since 1960's, except the period that the rice acreage restriction program effected in early 1970's.The terms of trade in US agricultural sector has decreased since mid 1970's.The average of EC's indicator has kept the constant level in longer term.Dr.Ohkawa explained the reason why Japanese agricultural trade of term show an increasing pattern in prewar era, defining that "Rice" has the characteristics of "C" in Japan.The classificaion of good in trade theory was made by J.R.Hicks.He classified tradable goods as "A", non-tradable goods as "B" and tradable but the price is determined mainly by domestic factors as "C".He also made clear the implication of the analysis, concluding that the development of food processing industry might weaken the "C factor" in Japanese agriculture.The study examined the … More changing cause of Japanese agricultural in terms of trade, identifying tradable goods and non-tradable goods in both agricultural products and inputs.The share of rice has decreased to 25% by 30 % since 1950's and dairy product and vegetables increased to 27%, 24% respectively.Farmers grow much more less-competitive product against agricultural trade liberalization in 1980's, although Japanese agricultural policy has biased in rice sector which keep "C factor." The advanced storage technology and advanced distribution system has been adopted and make possible to supply farm products in stable market.These effects contributed much to the good situation in terms of trade.On the other hand the performance of the agricultural input industry was very low.The price of agricultural input kept high comparing with the import price.Usage of imported input is an effective way to improve farmer's situation.The study shows the effect of cost reduction in fertilizer's case, estimating the derived demand elasticity. Less