A Comparative Study of Socialist Parties in Pluralist Political Systems.

20世纪50年代至60年代，西欧社会民主党派将其主要目标定位为充分就业和福利国家。在所谓的混合经济下，他们在很大程度上成功地实现了这些目标。此外，在这一时期，在许多国家，他们也成功地说服了他们的对手，保守党，接受这些目标作为理想的目标。从后一种意义上讲，西欧的社会民主在各国建立国家共识方面发挥了关键作用，但自20世纪70年代以来，这种情况发生了根本性的变化。首先，这些国家中的大多数都面临着严重的经济困难。其次，1970年取得的经济成就深刻地改变了每个国家的社会结构，并产生了各种新的社会问题。第三，全球范围内发生了史无前例的环境危机。这些巨大的变化破坏了西方的社会民主，迫使社会民主人士重新考虑他们传统的政治目标。本项目旨在分析社会民主党派对社会经济变化的反应。为此，我们集中研究这些政党的三个政策领域：经济、民主化和生态。我们的研究结果集中表明，这些社会民主党在调整传统以适应新形势方面遇到了多大的困难。我们还揭示了各方试图克服其经济困难的各种独特方式。同样明显的是，各方对生态问题的反应也大相径庭。因此，20世纪70年代以后西欧社会民主党的发展比以前更加多样化。如表所示，一些针对特定国家的研究已经发表，另一些则计划发表。关于我们收集的书籍和其他材料，我们附上了它们的清单。

From the 1950s to 1960s, social democratic parties in Western Europe set their main objectives.at full employment and welfare state. Under the so-called mixed economy, they succeeded to a large extent in achieving those objectives. Moreover, in many countries during the' .period they also succeeded in persuading their opponents, conservative parties, to accept those.objectives as desirable goals. In this latter sense, social democracy in Western Europe played a crucial role in establishing national consensus in each country.However, these circumstances has radically changed since the 1970s. First of all, most.of these countries were confronted with deep economic difficulties. Secondly, the very economic success- attained by 1970 profoundly altered social structure and produced various new social problems in each country. Thirdly, environmental crisis unprecedented in history has occurred on a global scale.These great changes have undermined the social democracy in the West and have forced social democrats to reconsider their traditional political objectives.This project intended to analyze the reactions of social democratic parties to the socioeconomic changes. To do this, we concentrate our studies on three policy areas for those parties: economy, democratization, and ecology. The result of our study has collectively demonstrated how much difficulty those social democratic parties have had in adjusting their tradition to the new situation. We have also revealed various unique ways by which each party tried to overcome its economic difficulties. It is also clear that the reaction of each party to the question of ecology has widely varied. As a result, social democratic parties in Western Europe after the 1970s have developed more diversely than before.As are listed, some studies in particular countries were already published and others are planned to be. As to the books and other materials we have collected, we attach the list of them.